diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 5f263ef..b415c1c 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 {
     "name": "icefox/dto",
     "type": "library",
-    "version": "0.0.1",
     "require": {
         "laravel/framework": "^11.0",
         "psr/log": "^3.0",
@@ -19,12 +18,15 @@
     "license": "GPL-2.0-only",
     "autoload": {
         "psr-4": {
-            "Icefox\\Data\\": "src/"
+            "Icefox\\DTO\\": "src/"
         }
     },
     "autoload-dev": {
         "psr-4": {
-            "Tests\\": "tests/"
+            "Tests\\": "tests/",
+            "Workbench\\App\\": "workbench/app/",
+            "Workbench\\Database\\Factories\\": "workbench/database/factories/",
+            "Workbench\\Database\\Seeders\\": "workbench/database/seeders/"
         }
     },
     "authors": [
diff --git a/src/Attributes/CastWith.php b/src/Attributes/CastWith.php
index 25c32cf..6d544c5 100644
--- a/src/Attributes/CastWith.php
+++ b/src/Attributes/CastWith.php
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data\Attributes;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Attributes;
+
 use Attribute;
 
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PARAMETER)]
diff --git a/src/Attributes/Flat.php b/src/Attributes/Flat.php
index 2664003..27d73ad 100644
--- a/src/Attributes/Flat.php
+++ b/src/Attributes/Flat.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data\Attributes;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Attributes;
 
 use Attribute;
 
diff --git a/src/Attributes/FromInput.php b/src/Attributes/FromInput.php
index d43b697..0a536bc 100644
--- a/src/Attributes/FromInput.php
+++ b/src/Attributes/FromInput.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data\Attributes;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Attributes;
 
 use Attribute;
 
diff --git a/src/Attributes/FromRouteParameter.php b/src/Attributes/FromRouteParameter.php
index d104e1c..4eb11d1 100644
--- a/src/Attributes/FromRouteParameter.php
+++ b/src/Attributes/FromRouteParameter.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data\Attributes;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Attributes;
 
 use Attribute;
 
diff --git a/src/Attributes/Overwrite.php b/src/Attributes/OverwriteRules.php
similarity index 60%
rename from src/Attributes/Overwrite.php
rename to src/Attributes/OverwriteRules.php
index a797cc6..e1cee40 100644
--- a/src/Attributes/Overwrite.php
+++ b/src/Attributes/OverwriteRules.php
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data\Attributes;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Attributes;
 
 use Attribute;
 
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_METHOD)]
-class Overwrite {}
+class OverwriteRules
+{
+}
diff --git a/src/Config.php b/src/Config.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f827157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Config.php
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Icefox\DTO;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Support\RuleFactory;
+use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
+use phpDocumentor\Reflection\PseudoTypes\Generic;
+
+class Config
+{
+    /**
+     * @param class-string $class
+    **/
+    public static function getCaster(string $class): ?callable
+    {
+        return config('dto.cast.' . $class, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string $class
+    **/
+    public static function getRules(string $class): ?callable
+    {
+        if ($userDefined = config('dto.rules.' . $class, null)) {
+            return $userDefined;
+        }
+        return match ($class) {
+            Collection::class => static::rulesIlluminateCollection(...),
+            default => null,
+        };
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string,string[]>
+     */
+    private static function rulesIlluminateCollection(ParameterMeta $parameter, RuleFactory $factory): array
+    {
+        if (is_null($parameter->tag)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $type = $parameter->tag->getType();
+        if (!$type instanceof Generic) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $subtypes = $type->getTypes();
+
+        if (count($subtypes) == 0) {
+            return ['' => ['array']];
+        }
+
+        $subtype = count($subtypes) == 1 ? $subtypes[0] : $subtypes[1];
+
+        return $factory->mergeRules(
+            ['' => ['array']],
+            $factory->getRulesFromDocBlock($subtype, '.*'),
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/DataObject.php b/src/DataObject.php
index 69b15e5..95a7235 100644
--- a/src/DataObject.php
+++ b/src/DataObject.php
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data;
+namespace Icefox\DTO;
 
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\DataObjectFactory;
 use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 
 trait DataObject
 {
-    public static function fromRequest(Request $request): ?static
+    public static function fromRequest(Request $request): mixed
     {
         return DataObjectFactory::fromRequest(static::class, $request);
     }
diff --git a/src/DataObjectFactory.php b/src/DataObjectFactory.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adbf200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/DataObjectFactory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Icefox\DTO;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\FromInput;
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\FromRouteParameter;
+use Icefox\DTO\Support\RuleFactory;
+use Icefox\DTO\Support\ValueFactory;
+use Illuminate\Http\Request;
+use Illuminate\Routing\Route;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
+use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
+use Illuminate\Validation\Validator;
+use ReflectionClass;
+
+class DataObjectFactory
+{
+    /**
+     * @param class-string $class
+     */
+    public static function fromRequest(string $class, Request $request): ?object
+    {
+        $routeParameters = $request->route() instanceof Route ? $request->route()->parameters() : [];
+        return static::fromArray($class, $request->input(), $routeParameters);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string $class
+     * @param array<string,mixed> $input
+     * @param array<string,mixed> $routeParameters
+     */
+    public static function fromArray(string $class, array $input, array $routeParameters): ?object
+    {
+        $logger = new Log();
+        $parameters = ReflectionHelper::getParametersMeta($class);
+        foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
+            $parameterName = $parameter->reflection->getName();
+
+            foreach ($parameter->reflection->getAttributes(FromRouteParameter::class) as $fromRouteParameter) {
+                if ($value = $routeParameters[$fromRouteParameter->newInstance()->name] ?? null) {
+                    $input[$parameterName] = $value;
+                    continue 2;
+                }
+            }
+
+            foreach ($parameter->reflection->getAttributes(FromInput::class) as $attr) {
+                if ($value = $input[$attr->newInstance()->name] ?? null) {
+                    $input[$parameterName] = $value;
+                    continue 2;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($value = $input[$parameterName] ?? null) {
+                $input[$parameterName] = $value;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // if ($parameter->reflection->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
+            //     $input[$parameterName] = $parameter->reflection->getDefaultValue();
+            //     continue;
+            // }
+        }
+        $logger->inputRaw($input);
+
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory($logger))->make($class);
+
+        $validator = method_exists($class, 'withValidator')
+            ? App::call("$class::withValidator", ['data' => $input, 'rules' => $rules])
+            : App::makeWith(Validator::class, ['data' => $input, 'rules' => $rules]);
+
+        if ($validator->fails()) {
+            $logger->validationErrors($validator->errors()->toArray());
+            if (method_exists($class, 'fails')) {
+                return App::call("$class::fails", ['validator' => $validator ]);
+            }
+            throw new ValidationException($validator);
+        }
+
+        return ValueFactory::make($class, $validator->validated());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CustomHandlers.php b/src/Factories/CollectionFactory.php
similarity index 75%
rename from src/CustomHandlers.php
rename to src/Factories/CollectionFactory.php
index cf0eb15..bfd0fe0 100644
--- a/src/CustomHandlers.php
+++ b/src/Factories/CollectionFactory.php
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 <?php
 
-namespace Icefox\Data;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Factories;
 
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\RuleFactory;
+use Icefox\DTO\ParameterMeta;
+use Icefox\DTO\Support\RuleFactory;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\PseudoTypes\Generic;
 
-class CustomHandlers
+class CollectionFactory
 {
     /**
      * @return array<string,string[]>
      */
-    public static function CollectionRules(ParameterMeta $parameter, RuleFactory $factory): array
+    public static function rules(ParameterMeta $parameter, RuleFactory $factory): array
     {
         if (is_null($parameter->tag)) {
             return [];
diff --git a/src/Factories/DataObjectFactory.php b/src/Factories/DataObjectFactory.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 96b3c9c..0000000
--- a/src/Factories/DataObjectFactory.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace Icefox\Data\Factories;
-
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\FromInput;
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\FromRouteParameter;
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\RuleFactory;
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\ValueFactory;
-use Icefox\Data\ReflectionHelper;
-use Illuminate\Http\Request;
-use Illuminate\Routing\Route;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
-use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
-use Illuminate\Validation\Validator;
-use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
-use ReflectionNamedType;
-
-class DataObjectFactory
-{
-    /**
-     * @param class-string $class
-     */
-    public static function fromRequest(string $class, Request $request): ?object
-    {
-        $route = $request->route();
-        $routeParameters = $route instanceof Route ? $route->parameters() : [];
-        return static::fromArray($class, $request->input(), $routeParameters);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param class-string $class
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $rawInput
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $routeParameters
-     */
-    public static function fromArray(string $class, array $rawInput, array $routeParameters): ?object
-    {
-        $logger = Log::channel('dto');
-
-        $defaults = method_exists($class, 'defaults')
-            ? App::call("$class::defaults")
-            : [];
-
-        $mergedInput = array_replace_recursive($defaults, $rawInput);
-        $input = self::mapInput($class, $mergedInput, $routeParameters, $logger);
-
-        $rules = (new RuleFactory($logger))->make($class);
-
-        $validator = method_exists($class, 'withValidator')
-            ? App::call("$class::withValidator", ['data' => $input, 'rules' => $rules])
-            : App::makeWith(Validator::class, ['data' => $input, 'rules' => $rules]);
-
-        if ($validator->fails()) {
-            $logger->warning('validation error', $validator->errors()->toArray());
-            if (method_exists($class, 'fails')) {
-                return App::call("$class::fails", ['validator' => $validator ]);
-            }
-            throw new ValidationException($validator);
-        }
-
-        return ValueFactory::make($class, $validator->validated());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param class-string $class
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $rawInput
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $routeParameters
-     * @return array<string,mixed>
-     */
-    public static function mapInput(
-        string $class,
-        array $rawInput,
-        array $routeParameters,
-        LoggerInterface $logger,
-    ): array {
-        $input = [];
-        $parameters = ReflectionHelper::getParametersMeta($class);
-
-        foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
-            $parameterName = $parameter->reflection->getName();
-
-            foreach ($parameter->reflection->getAttributes(FromRouteParameter::class) as $fromRouteParameter) {
-                if ($value = $routeParameters[$fromRouteParameter->newInstance()->name] ?? null) {
-                    $input[$parameterName] = $value;
-                    continue 2;
-                }
-            }
-
-            $reflectionType = $parameter->reflection->getType();
-            $namedType = $reflectionType instanceof ReflectionNamedType ? $reflectionType->getName() : null;
-            $annotatedType = $parameter->tag?->getType();
-
-            $isListType = ReflectionHelper::isListType($parameter);
-
-            foreach ($parameter->reflection->getAttributes(FromInput::class) as $attr) {
-                if ($value = $rawInput[$attr->newInstance()->name] ?? null) {
-                    if ($valueType = ReflectionHelper::getListParameterValueType($parameter->tag)) {
-                        $input[$parameterName] = $isListType
-                            ? array_map(
-                                fn($element) => self::mapInput($valueType, $element, $routeParameters, $logger),
-                                $value,
-                            )
-                            : self::mapInput($valueType, $value, $routeParameters, $logger);
-                    } else {
-                        $input[$parameterName] = $value;
-                    }
-                    continue 2;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if ($valueType = ReflectionHelper::getListParameterValueType($parameter->tag)) {
-                if (class_exists($valueType)) {
-                    $input[$parameterName] = $isListType
-                        ? array_map(
-                            fn($element) => self::mapInput($valueType, $element, $routeParameters, $logger),
-                            $rawInput[$parameterName],
-                        )
-                        : self::mapInput($valueType, $rawInput[$parameterName], $routeParameters, $logger);
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (array_key_exists($parameterName, $rawInput)) {
-                    $input[$parameterName] = $rawInput[$parameterName];
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if ($reflectionType instanceof ReflectionNamedType) {
-                if ($reflectionType->isBuiltin()) {
-                    if (array_key_exists($parameterName, $rawInput)) {
-                        $input[$parameterName] = $rawInput[$parameterName];
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    $input[$parameterName] = self::mapInput($reflectionType->__toString(), $rawInput[$parameterName], $routeParameters, $logger);
-                }
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (array_key_exists($parameterName, $rawInput)) {
-                $input[$parameterName] = $rawInput[$parameterName];
-            }
-        }
-        $logger->debug('input', $input);
-        return $input;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/IData.php b/src/IData.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f2e749..0000000
--- a/src/IData.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace Icefox\Data;
-
-interface IData {}
diff --git a/src/InputFactory.php b/src/InputFactory.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7109eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/InputFactory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Icefox\DTO;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\FromInput;
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\FromRouteParameter;
+
+class InputFactory
+{
+    public function __construct(public readonly Log $log) {}
+
+    public function make(string $class): array
+    {
+        $map = [];
+        $parameters = ReflectionHelper::getParametersMeta($class);
+        foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
+            $name = $parameter->reflection->getName();
+
+            foreach ($parameter->reflection->getAttributes(FromRouteParameter::class) as $attr) {
+                $map[$name][] = 'route_' . $attr->newInstance()->name;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($parameter->reflection->getAttributes(FromInput::class) as $attr) {
+                $map[$name][] = $attr->newInstance()->name;
+            }
+
+            $map[$name][] = $name;
+        }
+        return $map;
+    }
+
+    private static self $_instance;
+
+    public static function instance(): self
+    {
+        if (empty(self::$_instance)) {
+            self::$_instance = new self(new Log());
+        }
+        return self::$_instance;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/ParameterMeta.php b/src/ParameterMeta.php
index c63d95f..9d814d1 100644
--- a/src/ParameterMeta.php
+++ b/src/ParameterMeta.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-namespace Icefox\Data;
+namespace Icefox\DTO;
 
 use ReflectionParameter;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\DocBlock\Tags\Param;
diff --git a/src/Providers/DataObjectServiceProvider.php b/src/Providers/DataObjectServiceProvider.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 2236800..0000000
--- a/src/Providers/DataObjectServiceProvider.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace Icefox\Data\Providers;
-
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\DataObjectFactory;
-use Icefox\Data\IData;
-use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
-
-class DataObjectServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
-{
-    public function register(): void
-    {
-        $this->publishes([
-            __DIR__ . '../../workbench/config/dto.php' => config_path('dto.php'),
-        ]);
-
-        $this->app->beforeResolving(function ($abstract, $parameters, $app) {
-            if ($app->has($abstract)) {
-                return;
-            }
-            if (is_subclass_of($abstract, IData::class)) {
-                $app->bind($abstract, fn($container) => DataObjectFactory::fromRequest($abstract, $container['request']));
-            }
-        });
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/ReflectionHelper.php b/src/ReflectionHelper.php
index fa64c03..5c92a22 100644
--- a/src/ReflectionHelper.php
+++ b/src/ReflectionHelper.php
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 <?php
 
-namespace Icefox\Data;
+namespace Icefox\DTO;
 
-use ReflectionNamedType;
 use ReflectionParameter;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\DocBlock\Tag;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\DocBlock\Tags\Param;
-use phpDocumentor\Reflection\PseudoTypes\Generic;
-use phpDocumentor\Reflection\Types\AbstractList;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\Types\ContextFactory;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\DocBlockFactory;
 use ReflectionClass;
@@ -47,34 +44,5 @@ class ReflectionHelper
         );
         return self::$cache[$class];
     }
-
-    public static function getListParameterValueType(?Param $param): ?string
-    {
-        $type = $param?->getType();
-
-        if ($type instanceof AbstractList) {
-            return $type->getValueType()->__toString();
-        }
-
-        if (!$type instanceof Generic) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $subtypes = $type->getTypes();
-        return count($subtypes) > 1 ? $subtypes[1]->__toString() : $subtypes[0]->__toString();
-    }
-
-    public static function isListType(ParameterMeta $parameter): bool
-    {
-        $reflectionType = $parameter->reflection->getType();
-        $namedType = $reflectionType instanceof ReflectionNamedType ? $reflectionType->getName() : null;
-        $annotatedType = $parameter->tag?->getType();
-        return
-         $parameter->reflection->isArray()
-            || in_array($namedType, config('dto.listTypes', []))
-            || in_array($annotatedType?->__toString(), config('dto.listTypes', []))
-            || $annotatedType instanceof AbstractList;
-
-    }
-
 }
+
diff --git a/src/Factories/RuleFactory.php b/src/Support/RuleFactory.php
similarity index 90%
rename from src/Factories/RuleFactory.php
rename to src/Support/RuleFactory.php
index df1bdd7..9aa1da5 100644
--- a/src/Factories/RuleFactory.php
+++ b/src/Support/RuleFactory.php
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data\Factories;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Support;
 
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\Flat;
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\Overwrite;
-use Icefox\Data\ParameterMeta;
-use Icefox\Data\ReflectionHelper;
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\RuleFactory;
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\Flat;
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\OverwriteRules;
+use Icefox\DTO\Config;
+use Icefox\DTO\ParameterMeta;
+use Icefox\DTO\ReflectionHelper;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
 use Illuminate\Validation\Rule;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use phpDocumentor\Reflection\Types\Object_;
 final class RuleFactory
 {
     /**
-     * @return array<string, array<int, mixed>>
+     * @return array<string, array<string|Rule>>
      */
     public function getRulesFromDocBlock(
         Type $type,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ final class RuleFactory
 
     /**
      * @param array<ParameterMeta> $parameters
-     * @return array<string,array<int,mixed>>
+     * @return array<string,array<int,string|Rule>>
      */
     public function infer(array $parameters, string $basePrefix): array
     {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ final class RuleFactory
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return array<string, array<int, mixed>>
+     * @return array<string, array<int, string|Rule>>
      */
     public function buildParameterRule(ParameterMeta $parameter, string $prefix): array
     {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ final class RuleFactory
         }
 
         if ($type instanceof ReflectionNamedType && $name = $type->getName()) {
-            if ($globalRules =  config('dto.rules.' . $name, null)) {
+            if ($globalRules = Config::getRules($name)) {
                 foreach ($globalRules($parameter, $this) as $scopedPrefix => $values) {
                     $realPrefix = $prefix . $scopedPrefix;
                     $rules[$realPrefix] = array_merge($rules[$realPrefix] ?? [], $values);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ final class RuleFactory
 
     /**
      * @param class-string $class
-     * @return array<string,array<int, mixed>>
+     * @return array<string,array<int, string>>
      */
     public function make(string $class): array
     {
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ final class RuleFactory
         $customRules =  $hasRulesMethod ? App::call("$class::rules", []) : [];
 
 
-        if ($hasRulesMethod && !empty($classReflection->getMethod('rules')->getAttributes(Overwrite::class))) {
+        if ($hasRulesMethod && !empty($classReflection->getMethod('rules')->getAttributes(OverwriteRules::class))) {
             $rules = $customRules;
         } else {
             $inferredRules = RuleFactory::infer($parameters, '');
@@ -172,9 +172,9 @@ final class RuleFactory
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param array<string,array<int, mixed>> $first
-     * @param array<string,array<int, mixed>> $second
-     * @return array<string,array<int, mixed>>
+     * @param array<string,array<int, string>> $first
+     * @param array<string,array<int, string>> $second
+     * @return array<string,array<int, string>>
      */
     public function mergeRules(array $first, array $second): array
     {
diff --git a/src/Factories/ValueFactory.php b/src/Support/ValueFactory.php
similarity index 75%
rename from src/Factories/ValueFactory.php
rename to src/Support/ValueFactory.php
index 835d7ea..2781ae2 100644
--- a/src/Factories/ValueFactory.php
+++ b/src/Support/ValueFactory.php
@@ -2,13 +2,17 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace Icefox\Data\Factories;
+namespace Icefox\DTO\Support;
 
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\CastWith;
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\Flat;
-use Icefox\Data\ReflectionHelper;
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\CastWith;
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\Flat;
+use Icefox\DTO\Config;
+use Icefox\DTO\ParameterMeta;
+use Icefox\DTO\ReflectionHelper;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
 use ReflectionNamedType;
+use ReflectionParameter;
+use phpDocumentor\Reflection\DocBlock\Tags\Param;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\PseudoTypes\Generic;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\Type;
 use phpDocumentor\Reflection\Types\AbstractList;
@@ -20,6 +24,21 @@ use phpDocumentor\Reflection\Types\Object_;
 
 class ValueFactory
 {
+    public static function constructObject(string $className, mixed $rawValue): object
+    {
+        if ($mapper = Config::getCaster($className)) {
+            return $mapper($rawValue);
+        }
+
+        // Plain values or numeric arrays are passed as a single parameter to the constructor
+        if (!is_array($rawValue) || array_key_exists(0, $rawValue)) {
+            return new $className($className);
+        }
+
+        // Associative arrays leverage Laravel service container
+        return App::makeWith($className, $rawValue);
+    }
+
     public static function resolveAnnotatedValue(Type $type, mixed $rawValue): mixed
     {
         if ($type instanceof Nullable) {
@@ -72,24 +91,17 @@ class ValueFactory
 
     public static function resolveDeclaredTypeValue(ReflectionNamedType $parameter, mixed $rawValue): mixed
     {
-        $type = $parameter->getName();
-        if (is_a($type, \BackedEnum::class, true)) {
-            return $type::from($rawValue);
-        }
-
-        return match ($type) {
+        return match ($parameter->getName()) {
             'string' => $rawValue,
             'bool' => boolval($rawValue),
             'int' => intval($rawValue),
             'float' => floatval($rawValue),
             'array' => $rawValue,
-            default => self::make($type, $rawValue),
+            default => self::make($parameter->getName(), $rawValue),
+
         };
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $input
-     */
     public static function make(string $class, array $input): object
     {
         $parameters = ReflectionHelper::getParametersMeta($class);
@@ -100,9 +112,9 @@ class ValueFactory
             $parameterArgs = empty($parameter->reflection->getAttributes(Flat::class)) ? ($input[$name] ?? null) : $input;
 
             if (is_null($parameterArgs)) {
-                $arguments[$name] = $parameter->reflection->isDefaultValueAvailable()
-                    ? $parameter->reflection->getDefaultValue()
-                    : null;
+                if ($parameter->reflection->allowsNull()) {
+                    $arguments[$name] = null;
+                }
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -116,27 +128,25 @@ class ValueFactory
 
             $type = $parameter->tag?->getType();
             if (empty($parameterClass) && $type instanceof Object_) {
-                $parameterClass = $type->getFqsen()?->__toString();
+                $parameterClass = $type->getFqsen();
             }
-
             if (!empty($parameterClass) && $caster = config('dto.cast.' . $parameterClass, null)) {
                 $arguments[$name] = App::call($caster, ['data' => $parameterArgs]);
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (!is_null($type)) {
+            if ($parameter->tag instanceof Param) {
                 $arguments[$name] = self::resolveAnnotatedValue($type, $parameterArgs);
                 continue;
             }
 
-            $reflectionType = $parameter->reflection->getType();
-            if ($reflectionType instanceof ReflectionNamedType) {
-                $arguments[$name] = self::resolveDeclaredTypeValue($reflectionType, $parameterArgs);
+            if ($parameter->reflection->getType() instanceof ReflectionNamedType) {
+                $arguments[$name] = self::resolveDeclaredTypeValue($parameter->reflection->getType(), $parameterArgs);
                 continue;
             }
 
             $arguments[$name] = $parameterArgs;
         }
-        return new $class(...$arguments);
+        return App::makeWith($class, $arguments);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Casters/CasterTest.php b/tests/Casters/CasterTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93fc5ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Casters/CasterTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests;
+
+use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
+use Tests\Casters\SimpleValue;
+use Tests\Casters\SimpleValueCaster;
+use Tests\Casters\WithGlobalCaster;
+use Tests\Casters\WithSpecificCaster;
+use Tests\Casters\WithoutCaster;
+
+describe('caster priority', function () {
+    beforeEach(function () {
+        config(['dto.cast' => []]);
+    });
+
+    it('uses CastWith attribute over global config caster', function () {
+        $globalCaster = function (mixed $data): SimpleValue {
+            return new SimpleValue($data * 3);
+        };
+        config(['dto.cast.' . SimpleValue::class => $globalCaster]);
+
+        $object = WithSpecificCaster::fromArray([
+            'value' => ['value' => 5],
+        ]);
+
+        expect($object->value->value)->toBe(10); // 5 * 2
+    });
+
+    it('falls back to global config caster when no CastWith attribute', function () {
+        $globalCaster = function (mixed $data): SimpleValue {
+            return new SimpleValue($data['value'] * 3);
+        };
+        config(['dto.cast.' . SimpleValue::class => $globalCaster]);
+
+        $object = WithGlobalCaster::fromArray([
+            'simple' => ['value' => 5],
+        ]);
+
+        expect($object->simple->value)->toBe(15); // 5 * 3
+    });
+
+    it('falls back to default construction when no caster exists', function () {
+        $object = WithoutCaster::fromArray([
+            'value' => ['value' => 5],
+        ]);
+        expect($object)->toBeInstanceOf(WithoutCaster::class);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('caster with rules', function () {
+    beforeEach(function () {
+        config(['dto.cast' => []]);
+    });
+
+    it('validates input using caster rules before casting', function () {
+        expect(fn() => WithSpecificCaster::fromArray([
+            'value' => [],
+        ]))->toThrow(ValidationException::class);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts valid input and casts correctly', function () {
+        $object = WithSpecificCaster::fromArray([
+            'value' => ['value' => 10],
+        ]);
+
+        expect($object->value->value)->toBe(20); // 10 * 2
+    });
+});
diff --git a/tests/Casters/SimpleValue.php b/tests/Casters/SimpleValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f08683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Casters/SimpleValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Casters;
+
+class SimpleValue
+{
+    public function __construct(public readonly int $value) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Casters/SimpleValueCaster.php b/tests/Casters/SimpleValueCaster.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe8e0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Casters/SimpleValueCaster.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Casters;
+
+class SimpleValueCaster
+{
+    public function cast(mixed $data): SimpleValue
+    {
+        return new SimpleValue($data['value'] * 2);
+    }
+
+    public static function rules(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Casters/WithGlobalCaster.php b/tests/Casters/WithGlobalCaster.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d829310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Casters/WithGlobalCaster.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Casters;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class WithGlobalCaster
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public SimpleValue $simple,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Casters/WithSpecificCaster.php b/tests/Casters/WithSpecificCaster.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66041db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Casters/WithSpecificCaster.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Casters;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\CastWith;
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class WithSpecificCaster
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        #[CastWith(SimpleValueCaster::class)]
+        public SimpleValue $value,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Casters/WithoutCaster.php b/tests/Casters/WithoutCaster.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..203b0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Casters/WithoutCaster.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Casters;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class WithoutCaster
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public SimpleValue $value,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/ArrayDataObject.php b/tests/Classes/ArrayDataObject.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6da4819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/ArrayDataObject.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class ArrayDataObject
+{
+    use DataObject;
+    /**
+     * @param array<int,int> $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(public array $values) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/CarbonPeriodMapper.php b/tests/Classes/CarbonPeriodMapper.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4edee01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/CarbonPeriodMapper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Carbon\CarbonPeriodImmutable;
+use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;
+
+class CarbonPeriodMapper
+{
+    public function cast(mixed $data): CarbonPeriodImmutable
+    {
+        return new CarbonPeriodImmutable(Carbon::parse($data['start']), Carbon::parse($data['end']));
+    }
+
+    public static function rules(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'start' => ['required', 'date'],
+            'end' => ['required', 'date'],
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/CollectionDataObject.php b/tests/Classes/CollectionDataObject.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..711dbc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/CollectionDataObject.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
+
+readonly class CollectionDataObject
+{
+    use DataObject;
+    /**
+     * @param Collection<OptionalNullableData> $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(public Collection $values) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/FailsReturnsDefault.php b/tests/Classes/FailsReturnsDefault.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fdba3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/FailsReturnsDefault.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+use Illuminate\Validation\Validator;
+
+readonly class FailsReturnsDefault
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $string,
+        public int $int = 42,
+    ) {}
+
+    public static function fails(Validator $validator): ?static
+    {
+        return new self(string: 'default_value');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/FailsReturnsNull.php b/tests/Classes/FailsReturnsNull.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28e7e5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/FailsReturnsNull.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+use Illuminate\Validation\Validator;
+
+readonly class FailsReturnsNull
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $string,
+        public int $int,
+    ) {}
+
+    public static function fails(Validator $validator): ?static
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/FailsWithHttpResponse.php b/tests/Classes/FailsWithHttpResponse.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87e15ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/FailsWithHttpResponse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+use Illuminate\Http\Exceptions\HttpResponseException;
+use Illuminate\Validation\Validator;
+
+readonly class FailsWithHttpResponse
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $string,
+        public int $int,
+    ) {}
+
+    public static function fails(Validator $validator): ?static
+    {
+        throw new HttpResponseException(
+            response()->json(['errors' => $validator->errors()], 422)
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/FromInputObject.php b/tests/Classes/FromInputObject.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..575e44c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/FromInputObject.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\FromInput;
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class FromInputObject
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        #[FromInput('other_name')]
+        public string $text,
+        public int $standard,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/ObjectWithoutMapper.php b/tests/Classes/ObjectWithoutMapper.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82342e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/ObjectWithoutMapper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class ObjectWithoutMapper
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public Carbon $date,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/OptionalData.php b/tests/Classes/OptionalData.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff69b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/OptionalData.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class OptionalData
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $string = 'xyz',
+        public float $float = 0.777,
+        public int $int = 3,
+        public bool $bool = false,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/OptionalNullableData.php b/tests/Classes/OptionalNullableData.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b12449f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/OptionalNullableData.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class OptionalNullableData
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $string,
+        public ?int $int,
+        public float $float = 0.999,
+        public bool $bool = false,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/PrimitiveData.php b/tests/Classes/PrimitiveData.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc2ae5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/PrimitiveData.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class PrimitiveData
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $string,
+        public int $int,
+        public float $float,
+        public bool $bool,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/RecursiveDataObject.php b/tests/Classes/RecursiveDataObject.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c97c87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/RecursiveDataObject.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class RecursiveDataObject
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $string,
+        public PrimitiveData $extra,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/Classes/WithMapperObject.php b/tests/Classes/WithMapperObject.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..899b8fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Classes/WithMapperObject.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Classes;
+
+use Carbon\CarbonPeriodImmutable;
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\CastWith;
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class WithMapperObject
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        #[CastWith(CarbonPeriodMapper::class)]
+        public CarbonPeriodImmutable $period,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/DataObject/DataObjectTest.php b/tests/DataObject/DataObjectTest.php
deleted file mode 100644
index c21ec8e..0000000
--- a/tests/DataObject/DataObjectTest.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,400 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace Tests\DataObject;
-
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\FromInput;
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\FromRouteParameter;
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\DataObjectFactory;
-use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
-use Psr\Log\NullLogger;
-
-readonly class Element
-{
-    public function __construct(public int $value) {}
-}
-
-readonly class Node
-{
-    public function __construct(public Element $element) {}
-}
-
-test('basic nested object', function () {
-    $input = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(Node::class, ['element' => ['value' => 1 ] ], [], new NullLogger());
-    expect($input)->toBe(['element' => ['value' => 1]]);
-});
-
-readonly class MappedElement
-{
-    public function __construct(#[FromInput('name')] public int $value) {}
-}
-
-readonly class MappedNode
-{
-    public function __construct(public MappedElement $element) {}
-}
-
-test('basic nested input map', function () {
-    $input = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(MappedNode::class, ['element' => ['name' => 1 ] ], [], new NullLogger());
-    expect($input)->toBe(['element' => ['value' => 1]]);
-});
-
-readonly class MappedCollectionItem
-{
-    public function __construct(#[FromInput('id_item')] public int $idItem) {}
-}
-
-readonly class MappedCollectionRoot
-{
-    /**
-     * @param Collection<int, MappedCollectionItem> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public string $text, #[FromInput('data')] public Collection $items) {}
-}
-
-test('using from input nested', function () {
-    $mapped = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(MappedCollectionRoot::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'data' => [
-            [ 'id_item' => 1 ],
-            [ 'id_item' => 2 ],
-            [ 'id_item' => 4 ],
-            [ 'id_item' => 8 ],
-        ],
-    ], [], new NullLogger());
-
-    expect($mapped)->toBe([
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'items' => [
-            [ 'idItem' => 1 ],
-            [ 'idItem' => 2 ],
-            [ 'idItem' => 4 ],
-            [ 'idItem' => 8 ],
-        ],
-    ]);
-});
-
-readonly class CollectionRoot
-{
-    /**
-     * @param Collection<int, MappedCollectionItem> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public string $text, public Collection $items) {}
-}
-
-test('using from input', function () {
-    $mapped = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(MappedCollectionRoot::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'items' => [
-            [ 'id_item' => 1 ],
-            [ 'id_item' => 2 ],
-            [ 'id_item' => 4 ],
-            [ 'id_item' => 8 ],
-        ],
-    ], [], new NullLogger());
-
-    expect($mapped)->toBe([
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'items' => [
-            [ 'idItem' => 1 ],
-            [ 'idItem' => 2 ],
-            [ 'idItem' => 4 ],
-            [ 'idItem' => 8 ],
-        ],
-    ]);
-});
-
-readonly class AnnotatedArrayItem
-{
-    public function __construct(#[FromInput('name')] public float $value) {}
-}
-
-readonly class AnnotatedArray
-{
-    /**
-     * @param array<int,AnnotatedArrayItem> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public array $items) {}
-}
-
-test('annotated array', function () {
-    $mapped = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(
-        AnnotatedArray::class,
-        ['items' => [['name' => 1], ['name' => 2]]],
-        [],
-        new NullLogger(),
-    );
-
-    expect($mapped)->toBe(['items' => [['value' => 1], ['value' => 2]]]);
-});
-
-test('route parameter priority over from input', function () {
-    $dto = new class (123) {
-        public function __construct(
-            #[FromRouteParameter('user_id')]
-            #[FromInput('user_id')]
-            public int $id,
-        ) {}
-    };
-
-    $result = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(
-        $dto::class,
-        ['user_id' => 456],
-        ['user_id' => 123],
-        new \Psr\Log\NullLogger(),
-    );
-
-    expect($result['id'])->toBe(123);
-});
-
-test('multiple route parameters', function () {
-    $dto = new class (45, 89, 'A') {
-        public function __construct(
-            #[FromRouteParameter('course_id')]
-            public int $courseId,
-            #[FromRouteParameter('student_id')]
-            public int $studentId,
-            #[FromInput('grade')]
-            public string $grade,
-        ) {}
-    };
-
-    $result = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(
-        $dto::class,
-        ['grade' => 'A'],
-        ['course_id' => 45, 'student_id' => 89],
-        new \Psr\Log\NullLogger(),
-    );
-
-    expect($result['courseId'])->toBe(45)
-        ->and($result['studentId'])->toBe(89)
-        ->and($result['grade'])->toBe('A');
-});
-
-test('route parameter with nested object', function () {
-    $addressDto = new class ('Main St') {
-        public function __construct(public string $street) {}
-    };
-
-    $dto = new class (123, $addressDto) {
-        public function __construct(
-            #[FromRouteParameter('user_id')]
-            public int $userId,
-            public $address,
-        ) {}
-    };
-
-    $result = DataObjectFactory::mapInput(
-        $dto::class,
-        ['user_id' => 456, 'address' => ['street' => 'Main St']],
-        ['user_id' => 123],
-        new \Psr\Log\NullLogger(),
-    );
-
-    expect($result['userId'])->toBe(123)
-        ->and($result['address']['street'])->toBe('Main St');
-});
-
-readonly class SimpleWithDefaults
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $name,
-        public int $age,
-        public string $city = 'Unknown',
-    ) {}
-
-    /**
-     * @return array<string,mixed>
-     */
-    public static function defaults(): array
-    {
-        return [
-            'city' => 'New York',
-            'age' => 25,
-        ];
-    }
-}
-
-test('defaults with fromArray - basic usage', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        SimpleWithDefaults::class,
-        ['name' => 'John'],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->name)->toBe('John')
-        ->and($object->age)->toBe(25)
-        ->and($object->city)->toBe('New York');
-});
-
-readonly class NestedWithDefaults
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $title,
-        public SimpleWithDefaults $user,
-    ) {}
-
-    /**
-     * @return array<string,array<string,mixed>>
-     */
-    public static function defaults(): array
-    {
-        return [
-            'user' => [
-                'name' => 'Default User',
-                'age' => 30,
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-}
-
-test('defaults with nested objects', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        NestedWithDefaults::class,
-        ['title' => 'Admin Dashboard'],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->title)->toBe('Admin Dashboard')
-        ->and($object->user->name)->toBe('Default User')
-        ->and($object->user->age)->toBe(30)
-        ->and($object->user->city)->toBe('Unknown');
-});
-
-test('defaults merged with input - input overrides defaults', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        SimpleWithDefaults::class,
-        ['name' => 'Alice', 'age' => 40, 'city' => 'Los Angeles'],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->name)->toBe('Alice')
-        ->and($object->age)->toBe(40)
-        ->and($object->city)->toBe('Los Angeles');
-});
-
-
-test('defaults with simple nested structures', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        NestedWithDefaults::class,
-        ['title' => 'Simple Project'],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->title)->toBe('Simple Project')
-        ->and($object->user->name)->toBe('Default User')
-        ->and($object->user->age)->toBe(30);
-});
-
-readonly class ArrayWithDefaults
-{
-    /**
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $settings
-     */
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $projectName,
-        public array $settings,
-    ) {}
-    /**
-     * @return array<string,array<string,mixed>>
-     */
-    public static function defaults(): array
-    {
-        return [
-            'settings' => [
-                'theme' => 'dark',
-                'notifications' => true,
-                'language' => 'en',
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-}
-
-test('defaults with array structures', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        ArrayWithDefaults::class,
-        ['projectName' => 'New Project'],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->projectName)->toBe('New Project')
-        ->and($object->settings)->toBe([
-            'theme' => 'dark',
-            'notifications' => true,
-            'language' => 'en',
-        ]);
-});
-
-test('defaults partially overridden by input', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        ArrayWithDefaults::class,
-        [
-            'projectName' => 'Custom Project',
-            'settings' => [
-                'theme' => 'light',
-                'language' => 'fr',
-            ],
-        ],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->projectName)->toBe('Custom Project')
-        ->and($object->settings)->toBe([
-            'theme' => 'light',
-            'notifications' => true, // From defaults
-            'language' => 'fr',
-        ]);
-});
-
-readonly class WithInputMappingAndDefaults
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        #[FromInput('full_name')]
-        public string $name,
-        #[FromInput('user_age')]
-        public int $age,
-        public string $role = 'user',
-    ) {}
-    /**
-     * @return array<string,mixed>
-     */
-    public static function defaults(): array
-    {
-        return [
-            'name' => 'Default Name',
-            'role' => 'admin',
-            'age' => 18,
-        ];
-    }
-}
-
-test('defaults work with FromInput attribute mapping', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        WithInputMappingAndDefaults::class,
-        ['full_name' => 'John Doe'],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->name)->toBe('John Doe') // From input mapping
-        ->and($object->age)->toBe(18) // From defaults
-        ->and($object->role)->toBe('admin'); // From defaults
-});
-
-test('array_merge_recursive behavior with nested arrays', function () {
-    $object = DataObjectFactory::fromArray(
-        ArrayWithDefaults::class,
-        [
-            'projectName' => 'Test Project',
-            'settings' => [
-                'new_setting' => 'custom_value',
-            ],
-        ],
-        [],
-    );
-
-    expect($object->settings)->toBe([
-        'theme' => 'dark', // From defaults
-        'notifications' => true, // From defaults
-        'language' => 'en', // From defaults
-        'new_setting' => 'custom_value', // From input
-    ]);
-});
diff --git a/tests/DataObjectTest.php b/tests/DataObjectTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b68a4b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/DataObjectTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Log;
+use Icefox\DTO\Support\RuleFactory;
+use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
+use Tests\Classes\ArrayDataObject;
+use Tests\Classes\CollectionDataObject;
+use Tests\Classes\FromInputObject;
+use Tests\Classes\OptionalData;
+use Tests\Classes\OptionalNullableData;
+use Tests\Classes\PrimitiveData;
+use Tests\Classes\RecursiveDataObject;
+use Tests\Classes\WithMapperObject;
+
+describe('primitive data test', function () {
+    it('creates required rules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(PrimitiveData::class);
+        expect($rules)->toMatchArray([
+            'string' => ['required'],
+            'int' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+            'float' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+            'bool' => ['required', 'boolean'],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('creates object with all required properties', function () {
+        $object = PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+            'string' => 'abc',
+            'int' => 0,
+            'float' => 3.14,
+            'bool' => true,
+        ]);
+        expect($object)->toBeInstanceOf(PrimitiveData::class);
+        expect($object->string)->toBe('abc');
+        expect($object->int)->toBe(0);
+        expect($object->float)->toEqualWithDelta(3.14, 0.0001);
+        expect($object->bool)->toBeTrue();
+    });
+});
+
+describe('optional data', function () {
+    it('creates optional rules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(OptionalData::class);
+        expect($rules)->toMatchArray([
+            'string' => ['sometimes'],
+            'int' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
+            'float' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
+            'bool' => ['sometimes', 'boolean'],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('creates object with default values', function () {
+        $object = OptionalData::fromArray([]);
+        expect($object)->toBeInstanceOf(OptionalData::class);
+        expect($object->string)->toBe('xyz');
+        expect($object->int)->toBe(3);
+        expect($object->float)->toEqualWithDelta(0.777, 0.0001);
+        expect($object->bool)->toBeFalse();
+    });
+});
+
+describe('nullable data', function () {
+    it('creates nullable rules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(OptionalNullableData::class);
+        expect($rules)->toMatchArray([
+            'string' => ['required'],
+            'int' => ['nullable', 'numeric'],
+            'float' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
+            'bool' => ['sometimes', 'boolean'],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts explicit null', function () {
+        $object = OptionalNullableData::fromArray([
+            'string' => 'ijk',
+            'int' => null,
+        ]);
+        expect($object)->toBeInstanceOf(OptionalNullableData::class);
+        expect($object->string)->toBe('ijk');
+        expect($object->int)->toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('accepts implicit null', function () {
+        $object = OptionalNullableData::fromArray(['string' => 'dfg']);
+        expect($object)->toBeInstanceOf(OptionalNullableData::class);
+        expect($object->string)->toBe('dfg');
+        expect($object->int)->toBeNull();
+    });
+});
+
+describe('reference other DataObject', function () {
+
+    it('creates recursive rules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(RecursiveDataObject::class);
+        expect($rules)->toMatchArray([
+            'string' => ['required'],
+            'extra.string' => ['required'],
+            'extra.int' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+            'extra.float' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+            'extra.bool' => ['required', 'boolean'],
+        ]);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('primitive array', function () {
+    it('creates array rules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(ArrayDataObject::class);
+        expect($rules)->toMatchArray([
+            'values' => ['required', 'array'],
+            'values.*' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        ]);
+    });
+});
+
+
+describe('object array', function () {
+    it('creates array rules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(CollectionDataObject::class);
+        expect($rules)->toMatchArray([
+            'values' => ['required', 'array'],
+            'values.*' => ['required'],
+            'values.*.string' => ['required'],
+            'values.*.int' => ['nullable', 'numeric'],
+            'values.*.float' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
+            'values.*.bool' => ['sometimes', 'boolean'],
+        ]);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('can map input names', function () {
+
+    it('creates rules with property names', function () {
+
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(FromInputObject::class);
+        expect($rules)->toMatchArray([
+            'text' => ['required' ],
+            'standard' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('maps input name', function () {
+        $object = FromInputObject::fromArray([
+            'other_name' => 'xyz',
+            'standard' => 1,
+        ]);
+        expect($object->text)->toBe('xyz');
+        expect($object->standard)->toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it('prioritizes the mapped input', function () {
+        $object = FromInputObject::fromArray([
+            'other_name' => 'xyz',
+            'text' => 'abc',
+            'standard' => 1,
+        ]);
+        expect($object->text)->toBe('xyz');
+        expect($object->standard)->toBe(1);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('with mapper object', function () {
+    it('uses mapper', function () {
+        $object = WithMapperObject::fromArray([
+            'period' => [
+                'start' => '1980-01-01',
+                'end' => '1990-01-01',
+            ],
+            'standard' => 1,
+        ]);
+        expect($object->period->startsAt('1980-01-01'))->toBeTrue();
+        expect($object->period->endsAt('1990-01-01'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('uses mapper as validator', function () {
+        $object = WithMapperObject::fromArray([
+            'period' => [
+                'end' => '1990-01-01',
+            ],
+            'standard' => 1,
+        ]);
+    })->throws(ValidationException::class);
+});
+
+test('failed validation throws ValidationException', function () {
+    $object = PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+        'int' => 0,
+        'float' => 3.14,
+        'bool' => true,
+    ]);
+})->throws(ValidationException::class);
+
+
+test('creates collection', function () {
+    $object = CollectionDataObject::fromArray([
+        'values' => [
+            [
+                'string' => 'x',
+                'int' => 1,
+                'float' => 3.3,
+            ],
+            [
+                'string' => 'y',
+                'int' => null,
+            ],
+        ],
+    ]);
+    expect($object->values->count())->toBe(2);
+    expect($object->values[0]->string)->toBe('x');
+    expect($object->values[1]->int)->toBeNull();
+});
diff --git a/tests/FailedValidation/FailsMethodTest.php b/tests/FailedValidation/FailsMethodTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11b2ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/FailedValidation/FailsMethodTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\FailedValidation;
+
+use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
+use Tests\Classes\FailsReturnsDefault;
+use Tests\Classes\FailsReturnsNull;
+use Tests\Classes\FailsWithHttpResponse;
+use Tests\Classes\PrimitiveData;
+
+describe('fails method behavior', function () {
+
+    it('throws ValidationException when class does not implement fails()', function () {
+        expect(function () {
+            PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+                'int' => 0,
+                'float' => 3.14,
+                'bool' => true,
+            ]);
+        })->toThrow(ValidationException::class);
+    });
+
+    it('returns null when fails() returns null', function () {
+        $result = FailsReturnsNull::fromArray([
+            'int' => 0,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($result)->toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('returns static instance when fails() returns an object', function () {
+        $result = FailsReturnsDefault::fromArray([
+            'int' => 0,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($result)->toBeInstanceOf(FailsReturnsDefault::class);
+        expect($result->string)->toBe('default_value');
+        expect($result->int)->toBe(42);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('HTTP request handling', function () {
+
+    beforeEach(function () {
+        \Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route::post('/test-validation-exception', function () {
+            PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+                'int' => 0,
+                'float' => 3.14,
+                'bool' => true,
+            ]);
+            return response()->json(['success' => true]);
+        });
+
+        \Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route::post('/test-http-response-exception', function () {
+            FailsWithHttpResponse::fromArray([
+                'int' => 0,
+            ]);
+            return response()->json(['success' => true]);
+        });
+
+        \Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route::post('/test-validation-exception-html', function () {
+            PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+                'int' => 0,
+                'float' => 3.14,
+                'bool' => true,
+            ]);
+            return response('success');
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('returns 422 with errors when ValidationException is thrown in JSON request', function () {
+        $response = $this->postJson('/test-validation-exception', [
+            'int' => 0,
+            'float' => 3.14,
+            'bool' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        $response->assertStatus(422);
+        $response->assertJsonValidationErrors(['string']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns custom JSON response when HttpResponseException is thrown', function () {
+        $response = $this->postJson('/test-http-response-exception', [
+            'int' => 0,
+        ]);
+
+        $response->assertStatus(422);
+        $response->assertJsonStructure(['errors']);
+        $response->assertJsonFragment([
+            'errors' => [
+                'string' => ['The string field is required.'],
+            ],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('redirects back with session errors when ValidationException is thrown in text/html request', function () {
+        $response = $this->post('/test-validation-exception-html', [
+            'int' => 0,
+            'float' => 3.14,
+            'bool' => true,
+        ], [
+            'Accept' => 'text/html',
+        ]);
+
+        $response->assertRedirect();
+        $response->assertSessionHasErrors(['string']);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/tests/Http/RequestTest.php b/tests/Http/RequestTest.php
deleted file mode 100644
index d0713e3..0000000
--- a/tests/Http/RequestTest.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace Tests\Http;
-
-use Icefox\Data\IData;
-use Illuminate\Http\Exceptions\HttpResponseException;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Validator as ValidatorFacade;
-use Illuminate\Validation\Validator;
-
-readonly class Basic implements IData
-{
-    public string $reply;
-    public function __construct(string $message)
-    {
-        $this->reply = $message == 'ping' ? 'pong' : 'unknown';
-    }
-}
-
-test('injects data object', function () {
-    Route::post('/', fn(Basic $object) => ['reply' => $object->reply]);
-
-    /** @var \Tests\TestCase $this */
-    $this->postJson('/', ['message' => 'ping'])->assertJson(['reply' => 'pong']);
-});
-
-test('fails on validation error', function () {
-    Route::post('/', fn(Basic $object) => ['reply' => $object->reply]);
-    /** @var \Tests\TestCase $this */
-    $resp = $this->postJson('/', [])
-        ->assertStatus(422)
-        ->assertJson([
-            'message' =>  'The message field is required.',
-            'errors' => ['message' => ['The message field is required.']],
-        ]);
-});
-
-readonly class WithCustomValidator implements IData
-{
-    public string $reply;
-    public function __construct(string $message)
-    {
-        $this->reply = $message == 'ping' ? 'pong' : 'unknown';
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $data
-     * @param array<string,mixed> $rules
-     */
-    public static function withValidator(array $data, array $rules): Validator
-    {
-        return ValidatorFacade::make($data, $rules, $messages = [
-            'message.required' => 'the known message is pong',
-        ]);
-    }
-}
-
-test('replies with custom validator', function () {
-    Route::post('/', fn(WithCustomValidator $object) => []);
-    /** @var \Tests\TestCase $this */
-    $this->postJson('/', [])
-        ->assertStatus(422)
-        ->assertJson([
-            'message' =>  'the known message is pong',
-            'errors' => ['message' => ['the known message is pong']],
-        ]);
-});
-
-readonly class WithCustomFailure implements IData
-{
-    public function __construct(public bool $flag) {}
-
-    public static function fails(Validator $validator): void
-    {
-        throw new HttpResponseException(
-            response(['result' => 'invalid, but that is ok' ], 202),
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-test('uses custom response', function () {
-    Route::post('/', fn(WithCustomFailure $object) => response('', 204));
-
-    /** @var \Tests\TestCase $this */
-    $this->postJson('/', [])
-        ->assertStatus(202)
-        ->assertJson(['result' => 'invalid, but that is ok']);
-});
-
-readonly class WithDefaultObjectOnFailure implements IData
-{
-    public function __construct(public bool $flag) {}
-
-    public static function fails(): self
-    {
-        return new self(false);
-    }
-}
-
-test('uses default object on failure', function () {
-    Route::post('/', fn(WithDefaultObjectOnFailure $object) => response(['flag' => $object->flag], 200));
-
-    /** @var \Tests\TestCase $this */
-    $this->postJson('/', [])
-        ->assertStatus(200)
-        ->assertJson(['flag' => false]);
-});
diff --git a/tests/Logging/CustomLogger.php b/tests/Logging/CustomLogger.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4bff3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Logging/CustomLogger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Logging;
+
+use Psr\Log\AbstractLogger;
+
+class CustomLogger extends AbstractLogger
+{
+    public array $logs = [];
+
+    public function log($level, string|\Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
+    {
+        $this->logs[] = [
+            'level' => $level,
+            'message' => $message,
+            'context' => $context,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function hasLog(string $level, string $contains): bool
+    {
+        foreach ($this->logs as $log) {
+            if ($log['level'] === $level && str_contains($log['message'], $contains)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public function clear(): void
+    {
+        $this->logs = [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Logging/LogTest.php b/tests/Logging/LogTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6847938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Logging/LogTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Logging;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Log;
+use Psr\Log\LogLevel;
+use Psr\Log\NullLogger;
+use Tests\Classes\PrimitiveData;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+describe('logger resolution', function () {
+
+    afterEach(function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', NullLogger::class);
+    });
+
+    it('uses NullLogger as fallback when logger config is null', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', null);
+        $log = new Log();
+        expect($log->logger)->toBeInstanceOf(NullLogger::class);
+    });
+
+    it('uses NullLogger as fallback when logger config is invalid', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', 'NonExistentLoggerClass');
+        $log = new Log();
+        expect($log->logger)->toBeInstanceOf(NullLogger::class);
+    });
+
+    it('instantiates logger from class name via Laravel container', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', CustomLogger::class);
+        $log = new Log();
+        expect($log->logger)->toBeInstanceOf(CustomLogger::class);
+    });
+
+    it('uses logger object directly when provided', function () {
+        $customLogger = new CustomLogger();
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', $customLogger);
+        $log = new Log();
+        expect($log->logger)->toBe($customLogger);
+    });
+
+    it('invokes callable to get logger instance', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', function () {
+            return new CustomLogger();
+        });
+
+        $log = new Log();
+
+        expect($log->logger)->toBeInstanceOf(CustomLogger::class);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('log level configuration', function () {
+
+    beforeEach(function () {
+        $this->customLogger = new CustomLogger();
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', $this->customLogger);
+    });
+
+    afterEach(function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', NullLogger::class);
+        config()->set('dto.log.rules', LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        config()->set('dto.log.input', LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        config()->set('dto.log.raw_input', LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        config()->set('dto.log.validation_errors', LogLevel::INFO);
+    });
+
+    it('logs rules at configured level', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.rules', LogLevel::INFO);
+
+        $log = new Log();
+        $log->rules(['field' => ['required']]);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::INFO, 'field'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('logs input at configured level', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.input', LogLevel::INFO);
+
+        $log = new Log();
+        $log->input(['field' => 'value']);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::INFO, 'value'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('logs raw input at configured level', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.raw_input', LogLevel::ERROR);
+
+        $log = new Log();
+        $log->inputRaw(['field' => 'raw_value']);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::ERROR, 'raw_value'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('logs validation errors at configured level', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.validation_errors', LogLevel::ERROR);
+
+        $log = new Log();
+        $log->validationErrors(['field' => ['The field is required.']]);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::ERROR, 'required'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('allows different log levels for each log type', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.rules', LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        config()->set('dto.log.input', LogLevel::INFO);
+        config()->set('dto.log.raw_input', LogLevel::INFO);
+
+        $log = new Log();
+
+        $log->rules(['rules_field' => ['required']]);
+        $log->input(['input_field' => 'value']);
+        $log->inputRaw(['raw_field' => 'raw_value']);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, 'rules_field'))->toBeTrue();
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::INFO, 'input_field'))->toBeTrue();
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::INFO, 'raw_field'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('defaults to DEBUG level when not configured', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.rules', null);
+        config()->set('dto.log.input', null);
+        config()->set('dto.log.raw_input', null);
+
+        $customLogger = new CustomLogger();
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', $customLogger);
+
+        $log = new Log();
+
+        $log->rules(['field' => ['required']]);
+        $log->input(['field' => 'value']);
+        $log->inputRaw(['field' => 'raw_value']);
+
+        expect(count($customLogger->logs))->toBe(3);
+        expect($customLogger->logs[0]['level'])->toBe(LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        expect($customLogger->logs[1]['level'])->toBe(LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        expect($customLogger->logs[2]['level'])->toBe(LogLevel::DEBUG);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('integration with DataObject', function () {
+
+    beforeEach(function () {
+        $this->customLogger = new CustomLogger();
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', $this->customLogger);
+        config()->set('dto.log.rules', LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        config()->set('dto.log.input', LogLevel::DEBUG);
+        config()->set('dto.log.raw_input', LogLevel::DEBUG);
+    });
+
+    afterEach(function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', NullLogger::class);
+    });
+
+    it('logs raw input during fromArray execution', function () {
+        PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+            'string' => 'test',
+            'int' => 42,
+            'float' => 3.14,
+            'bool' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, 'raw_input'))->toBeFalse();
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, 'string'))->toBeTrue();
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, '42'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('logs rules during fromArray execution', function () {
+        PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+            'string' => 'test',
+            'int' => 42,
+            'float' => 3.14,
+            'bool' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, 'required'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('logs processed input during fromArray execution', function () {
+        PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+            'string' => 'test',
+            'int' => 42,
+            'float' => 3.14,
+            'bool' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, 'test'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('captures all three log types during successful fromArray', function () {
+        PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+            'string' => 'integration_test',
+            'int' => 123,
+            'float' => 9.99,
+            'bool' => false,
+        ]);
+
+        $rawInputLogged = false;
+        $rulesLogged = false;
+        $inputLogged = false;
+
+        foreach ($this->customLogger->logs as $log) {
+            if (str_contains($log['message'], 'string')) {
+                $rawInputLogged = true;
+            }
+            if (str_contains($log['message'], 'required')) {
+                $rulesLogged = true;
+            }
+            if (str_contains($log['message'], 'integration_test')) {
+                $inputLogged = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        expect($rawInputLogged)->toBeTrue('Raw input should be logged');
+        expect($rulesLogged)->toBeTrue('Rules should be logged');
+        expect($inputLogged)->toBeTrue('Processed input should be logged');
+    });
+
+    it('logs even when validation fails', function () {
+        try {
+            PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+                'int' => 42,
+                'float' => 3.14,
+                'bool' => true,
+            ]);
+        } catch (\Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException $e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, 'required'))->toBeTrue();
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::DEBUG, '42'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('logs validation errors when validation fails', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.validation_errors', LogLevel::ERROR);
+
+        try {
+            PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+                'int' => 42,
+                'float' => 3.14,
+                'bool' => true,
+            ]);
+        } catch (\Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException $e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::ERROR, 'string'))->toBeTrue();
+        expect($this->customLogger->hasLog(LogLevel::ERROR, 'required'))->toBeTrue();
+    });
+});
+
+describe('logging with NullLogger', function () {
+
+    it('does not throw when logging with NullLogger', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', NullLogger::class);
+
+        $log = new Log();
+
+        expect(function () use ($log) {
+            $log->rules(['field' => ['required']]);
+            $log->input(['field' => 'value']);
+            $log->inputRaw(['field' => 'raw_value']);
+        })->not->toThrow(\Throwable::class);
+    });
+
+    it('does not affect DataObject behavior when using NullLogger', function () {
+        config()->set('dto.log.logger', NullLogger::class);
+
+        $object = PrimitiveData::fromArray([
+            'string' => 'test',
+            'int' => 42,
+            'float' => 3.14,
+            'bool' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($object)->toBeInstanceOf(PrimitiveData::class);
+        expect($object->string)->toBe('test');
+    });
+});
diff --git a/tests/Rules/RulesTest.php b/tests/Rules/RulesTest.php
index f902d73..5f7ed9f 100644
--- a/tests/Rules/RulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/Rules/RulesTest.php
@@ -4,208 +4,97 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Tests\Rules;
 
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\Flat;
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\Overwrite;
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\RuleFactory;
-use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
+use Icefox\DTO\Log;
+use Icefox\DTO\ReflectionHelper;
+use Icefox\DTO\Support\RuleFactory;
+use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
+use Tests\Rules\WithEmptyOverwriteRules;
+use Tests\Rules\WithMergedRules;
+use Tests\Rules\WithOverwriteRules;
 
-readonly class BasicPrimitives
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $text,
-        public int $number,
-        public bool $flag,
-        public ?array $items,
-        public float $floating = 0.0,
-    ) {}
-}
+describe('rules array shape', function () {
+    it('returns inferred rules shape from RuleFactory::infer (inferred only)', function () {
+        $parameters = ReflectionHelper::getParametersMeta(WithMergedRules::class);
+        $rules = RuleFactory::infer($parameters, '');
 
-test('required rules', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(BasicPrimitives::class))->toBe([
-        'text' => ['required'],
-        'number' => ['required', 'numeric'],
-        'flag' => ['required', 'boolean'],
-        'items' => ['nullable', 'array'],
-        'floating' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
-    ]);
+        expect($rules)->toBe([
+            'value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('returns inferred rules shape regardless of OverwriteRules attribute', function () {
+        $parameters = ReflectionHelper::getParametersMeta(WithOverwriteRules::class);
+        $rules = RuleFactory::infer($parameters, '');
+
+        expect($rules)->toBe([
+            'value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        ]);
+    });
 });
 
-readonly class AnnotatedArray
-{
-    /**
-     * @param array<int,float> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public array $items) {}
-}
-test('annotated array', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedArray::class))->toBe([
-        'items' => ['required', 'array'],
-        'items.*' => ['required', 'numeric'],
-    ]);
+describe('getRules method', function () {
+    it('returns merged rules from DataObject::getRules()', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(WithMergedRules::class);
+
+        expect($rules)->toBe([
+            'value' => ['required', 'numeric', 'max:20'],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('returns only custom rules from DataObject::getRules() with OverwriteRules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(WithOverwriteRules::class);
+
+        expect($rules)->toBe([
+            'value' => ['numeric', 'max:20'],
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('returns empty rules from DataObject::getRules() with OverwriteRules and no custom rules', function () {
+        $rules = (new RuleFactory(new Log()))->make(WithEmptyOverwriteRules::class);
+
+        expect($rules)->toBe([]);
+    });
 });
 
-readonly class AnnotatedArrayNullableValue
-{
-    /**
-     * @param array<?float> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public array $items) {}
-}
-test('annotated array with nullable items', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedArrayNullableValue::class))->toBe([
-        'items' => ['required', 'array'],
-        'items.*' => ['nullable', 'numeric'],
-    ]);
+describe('rules merging', function () {
+    it('merges custom rules with inferred rules by default', function () {
+        $object = WithMergedRules::fromArray([
+            'value' => 10,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($object->value)->toBe(10);
+    });
+
+    it('fails validation when merged rule is violated', function () {
+        expect(fn() => WithMergedRules::fromArray([
+            'value' => 25,
+        ]))->toThrow(ValidationException::class);
+    });
+
+    it('fails validation when required rule is violated (inferred)', function () {
+        expect(fn() => WithMergedRules::fromArray([
+        ]))->toThrow(ValidationException::class);
+    });
 });
 
-readonly class PlainLeaf
-{
-    public function __construct(public string $name) {}
-}
-readonly class PlainRoot
-{
-    public function __construct(public int $value, public PlainLeaf $leaf) {}
-}
+describe('rules overwrite', function () {
+    it('uses only custom rules when OverwriteRules attribute is present', function () {
+        $object = WithOverwriteRules::fromArray([
+            'value' => 10,
+        ]);
 
-test('plain nesting', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(PlainRoot::class))->toBe([
-        'value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
-        'leaf' => ['required'],
-        'leaf.name' => ['required'],
-    ]);
-});
-
-
-readonly class AnnotatedArrayItem
-{
-    public function __construct(public int $value) {}
-}
-
-readonly class AnnotatedArrayObject
-{
-    /**
-     * @param ?array<AnnotatedArrayItem> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public ?array $items) {}
-}
-
-test('annotated array with object', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedArrayObject::class))->toBe([
-        'items' => ['nullable', 'array'],
-        'items.*' => ['required'],
-        'items.*.value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
-    ]);
-});
-
-readonly class FlattenedLeaf
-{
-    public function __construct(public ?bool $flag) {}
-}
-
-readonly class NotFlattenedLeaf
-{
-    public function __construct(public string $description) {}
-}
-
-readonly class FlattenedNode
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $id,
-        public NotFlattenedLeaf $leaf,
-        #[Flat]
-        public FlattenedLeaf $squish,
-        public int $level = 1,
-    ) {}
-}
-
-readonly class FlattenedRoot
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public int $value,
-        #[Flat]
-        public FlattenedNode $node,
-    ) {}
-}
-
-test('flattened basic', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(FlattenedRoot::class))->toBe([
-        'value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
-        'id' => ['required' ],
-        'leaf' => ['required'],
-        'leaf.description' => ['required'],
-        'flag' => ['nullable', 'boolean'],
-        'level' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
-    ]);
-});
-
-readonly class AnnotatedCollectionItem
-{
-    public function __construct(public int $value) {}
-}
-
-readonly class AnnotatedCollection
-{
-    /**
-     * @param Collection<AnnotatedCollectionItem> $group
-     */
-    public function __construct(public Collection $group) {}
-}
-
-test('annotated collection', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedCollection::class))->toBe([
-        'group' => ['required', 'array'],
-        'group.*' => ['required'],
-        'group.*.value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
-    ]);
-});
-
-
-readonly class MergedRules
-{
-    public function __construct(public int $value, public string $text) {}
-
-    /**
-     * @return array<string,array<int,string>>
-     */
-    public static function rules(): array
-    {
-        // only customized fields need to be provided
-        return [
-            'value' => ['min:20'],
-        ];
-    }
-}
-
-test('merging rules', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(MergedRules::class))->toBe([
-        'value' => ['required', 'numeric', 'min:20'],
-        'text' => ['required'],
-    ]);
-});
-
-readonly class OverwriteRules
-{
-    // union types are not supported, generated rules are undefined
-    public function __construct(public int|bool $value, public string $text) {}
-
-    /**
-     * @return array<string,array<int,mixed>>
-     */
-    #[Overwrite]
-    public static function rules(): array
-    {
-        // when overwriting, all fields must be provided with all rules, disables rules inference.
-        return [
-            'value' => ['required', function ($attribute, $value, $fail) {
-                if (!is_int($value) && !is_bool($value)) {
-                    $fail("$attribute must be an integer or an array.");
-                }
-            }],
-            'text' => ['required'],
-        ];
-    }
-}
-
-test('overwriting rules', function () {
-    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(OverwriteRules::class))->toHaveKeys(['value', 'text']);
+        expect($object->value)->toBe(10);
+    });
+
+    it('fails validation when custom rule is violated', function () {
+        expect(fn() => WithOverwriteRules::fromArray([
+            'value' => 25,
+        ]))->toThrow(ValidationException::class);
+    });
+
+    it('does not enforce inferred required rule when overwritten', function () {
+        $rules = WithOverwriteRules::rules();
+        expect($rules)->toHaveKey('value');
+        expect($rules['value'])->toBe(['numeric', 'max:20']);
+    });
 });
diff --git a/tests/Rules/WithEmptyOverwriteRules.php b/tests/Rules/WithEmptyOverwriteRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e743bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Rules/WithEmptyOverwriteRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Rules;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\OverwriteRules;
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class WithEmptyOverwriteRules
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public int $value,
+    ) {}
+
+    #[OverwriteRules]
+    public static function rules(): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Rules/WithMergedRules.php b/tests/Rules/WithMergedRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fd98b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Rules/WithMergedRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Rules;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class WithMergedRules
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public int $value,
+    ) {}
+
+    public static function rules(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'value' => ['max:20'],
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Rules/WithOverwriteRules.php b/tests/Rules/WithOverwriteRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21b2145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Rules/WithOverwriteRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Rules;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\OverwriteRules;
+use Icefox\DTO\DataObject;
+
+readonly class WithOverwriteRules
+{
+    use DataObject;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public int $value,
+    ) {}
+
+    #[OverwriteRules]
+    public static function rules(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'value' => ['numeric', 'max:20'],
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/RulesTest.php b/tests/RulesTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ffeff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/RulesTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests;
+
+use Icefox\DTO\Attributes\Flat;
+use Icefox\DTO\Support\RuleFactory;
+use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Validator;
+
+readonly class BasicPrimitives
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $text,
+        public int $number,
+        public bool $flag,
+        public ?array $items,
+        public float $floating = 0.0,
+    ) {}
+}
+
+test('required rules', function () {
+    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(BasicPrimitives::class))->toBe([
+        'text' => ['required'],
+        'number' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        'flag' => ['required', 'boolean'],
+        'items' => ['nullable', 'array'],
+        'floating' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
+    ]);
+});
+
+readonly class AnnotatedArray
+{
+    /**
+     * @param array<int,float> $items
+     */
+    public function __construct(public array $items) {}
+}
+test('annotated array', function () {
+    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedArray::class))->toBe([
+        'items' => ['required', 'array'],
+        'items.*' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+    ]);
+});
+
+readonly class AnnotatedArrayNullableValue
+{
+    /**
+     * @param array<?float> $items
+     */
+    public function __construct(public array $items) {}
+}
+test('annotated array with nullable items', function () {
+    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedArrayNullableValue::class))->toBe([
+        'items' => ['required', 'array'],
+        'items.*' => ['nullable', 'numeric'],
+    ]);
+});
+
+readonly class PlainLeaf
+{
+    public function __construct(public string $name) {}
+}
+readonly class PlainRoot
+{
+    public function __construct(public int $value, public PlainLeaf $leaf) {}
+}
+
+test('plain nesting', function () {
+    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(PlainRoot::class))->toBe([
+        'value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        'leaf' => ['required'],
+        'leaf.name' => ['required'],
+    ]);
+});
+
+
+readonly class AnnotatedArrayItem
+{
+    public function __construct(public int $value) {}
+}
+
+readonly class AnnotatedArrayObject
+{
+    /**
+     * @param ?array<AnnotatedArrayItem> $items
+     */
+    public function __construct(public ?array $items) {}
+}
+
+test('annotated array with object', function () {
+    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedArrayObject::class))->toBe([
+        'items' => ['nullable', 'array'],
+        'items.*' => ['required'],
+        'items.*.value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+    ]);
+});
+
+readonly class FlattenedLeaf
+{
+    public function __construct(public ?bool $flag) {}
+}
+
+readonly class NotFlattenedLeaf
+{
+    public function __construct(public string $description) {}
+}
+
+readonly class FlattenedNode
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $id,
+        public NotFlattenedLeaf $leaf,
+        #[Flat]
+        public FlattenedLeaf $squish,
+        public int $level = 1,
+    ) {}
+}
+
+readonly class FlattenedRoot
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        public int $value,
+        #[Flat]
+        public FlattenedNode $node,
+    ) {}
+}
+
+test('flattened basic', function () {
+    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(FlattenedRoot::class))->toBe([
+        'value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+        'id' => ['required' ],
+        'leaf' => ['required'],
+        'leaf.description' => ['required'],
+        'flag' => ['nullable', 'boolean'],
+        'level' => ['sometimes', 'numeric'],
+    ]);
+});
+
+readonly class AnnotatedCollectionItem
+{
+    public function __construct(public int $value) {}
+}
+
+readonly class AnnotatedCollection
+{
+    /**
+     * @param Collection<AnnotatedCollectionItem> $group
+     */
+    public function __construct(public Collection $group) {}
+}
+
+test('annotated collection', function () {
+    expect(RuleFactory::instance()->make(AnnotatedCollection::class))->toBe([
+        'group' => ['required', 'array'],
+        'group.*' => ['required'],
+        'group.*.value' => ['required', 'numeric'],
+    ]);
+});
diff --git a/tests/Values/ValuesTest.php b/tests/Values/ValuesTest.php
deleted file mode 100644
index e592d17..0000000
--- a/tests/Values/ValuesTest.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,273 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-namespace Tests\Values;
-
-use Carbon\CarbonPeriod;
-use Icefox\Data\Attributes\CastWith;
-use Icefox\Data\Factories\ValueFactory;
-use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;
-use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
-
-readonly class BasicPrimitives
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $text,
-        public int $number,
-        public bool $flag,
-        public ?array $items,
-        public float $floating = 4.7,
-    ) {}
-}
-
-test('basic creation works', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(BasicPrimitives::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'number' => 42,
-        'flag' => true,
-        'items' => ['a', 2, false],
-        'floating' => 32.6,
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->text)->toBe('abc');
-    expect($object->number)->toBe(42);
-    expect($object->flag)->toBe(true);
-    expect($object->items)->toBe(['a', 2, false]);
-    expect($object->floating)->toBe(32.6);
-});
-
-test('uses default values', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(BasicPrimitives::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'number' => 42,
-        'flag' => true,
-        'items' => ['a', 2, false],
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->text)->toBe('abc');
-    expect($object->number)->toBe(42);
-    expect($object->flag)->toBe(true);
-    expect($object->items)->toBe(['a', 2, false]);
-    expect($object->floating)->toBe(4.7);
-});
-
-test('uses default when null and not nullable', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(BasicPrimitives::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'number' => 42,
-        'flag' => true,
-        'items' => ['a', 2, false],
-        'floating' => null,
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->text)->toBe('abc');
-    expect($object->number)->toBe(42);
-    expect($object->flag)->toBe(true);
-    expect($object->items)->toBe(['a', 2, false]);
-    expect($object->floating)->toBe(4.7);
-});
-
-test('accepts null when nullable', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(BasicPrimitives::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'number' => 42,
-        'flag' => true,
-        'items' => null,
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->text)->toBe('abc');
-    expect($object->number)->toBe(42);
-    expect($object->flag)->toBe(true);
-    expect($object->items)->toBe(null);
-    expect($object->floating)->toBe(4.7);
-});
-
-test('accepts missing as null when nullable', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(BasicPrimitives::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'number' => 42,
-        'flag' => true,
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->text)->toBe('abc');
-    expect($object->number)->toBe(42);
-    expect($object->flag)->toBe(true);
-    expect($object->items)->toBe(null);
-    expect($object->floating)->toBe(4.7);
-});
-
-readonly class NestedLeaf
-{
-    public function __construct(public bool $flag) {}
-}
-
-readonly class RootWithNestedLeaf
-{
-    public function __construct(public int $value, public NestedLeaf $leaf) {}
-}
-
-test('creates nested object', function () {
-    $root = ValueFactory::make(RootWithNestedLeaf::class, [
-        'value' => 42,
-        'leaf' => [
-            'flag' => true,
-        ],
-    ]);
-
-    expect($root->value)->toBe(42);
-    expect($root->leaf->flag)->toBe(true);
-});
-
-
-readonly class CollectionItem
-{
-    public function __construct(public int $value) {}
-}
-
-readonly class CollectionRoot
-{
-    /**
-     * @param Collection<int, CollectionItem> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public string $text, public Collection $items) {}
-}
-
-test('creates collection object', function () {
-    $root = ValueFactory::make(CollectionRoot::class, [
-        'text' => 'abc',
-        'items' => [
-            [ 'value' => 1 ],
-            [ 'value' => 2 ],
-            [ 'value' => 4 ],
-            [ 'value' => 8 ],
-        ],
-    ]);
-
-    expect($root->text)->toBe('abc');
-    expect($root->items)->toBeInstanceOf(Collection::class);
-    expect($root->items->count())->toBe(4);
-    expect($root->items[0]->value)->toBe(1);
-    expect($root->items[1]->value)->toBe(2);
-    expect($root->items[2]->value)->toBe(4);
-    expect($root->items[3]->value)->toBe(8);
-});
-
-readonly class DoubleCast
-{
-    public static function cast(int $data): int
-    {
-        return $data * 2;
-    }
-}
-
-readonly class WithExplicitCast
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        #[CastWith(DoubleCast::class)]
-        public int $value,
-    ) {}
-}
-
-readonly class WithNestedCast
-{
-    /**
-     * @param array<int,WithExplicitCast> $items
-     */
-    public function __construct(public array $items) {}
-}
-
-test('with explicit cast', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(WithExplicitCast::class, ['value' => 32]);
-    expect($object->value)->toBe(64);
-});
-
-test('with nested cast', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(WithNestedCast::class, ['items' => [ ['value' => 2], ['value' => 3], ['value' => 5]]]);
-
-    expect($object->items[0]->value)->toBe(4);
-    expect($object->items[1]->value)->toBe(6);
-    expect($object->items[2]->value)->toBe(10);
-});
-
-readonly class CarbonPeriodCast
-{
-    /**
-     * @param array<int,mixed> $data
-     */
-    public static function cast(array $data): CarbonPeriod
-    {
-        return new CarbonPeriod(Carbon::parse($data['start']), Carbon::parse($data['end']));
-    }
-}
-
-readonly class WithObjectCast
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        #[CastWith(CarbonPeriodCast::class)]
-        public CarbonPeriod $period,
-    ) {}
-}
-
-test('with object cast', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(WithObjectCast::class, ['period' => ['start' => '1980-10-01', 'end' => '1990-06-01']]);
-
-    expect($object->period)->toBeInstanceOf(CarbonPeriod::class);
-    expect($object->period->start->format('Y-m-d'))->toBe('1980-10-01');
-    expect($object->period->end->format('Y-m-d'))->toBe('1990-06-01');
-});
-
-enum Status: string
-{
-    case ACTIVE = 'active';
-    case INACTIVE = 'inactive';
-    case PENDING = 'pending';
-}
-
-readonly class TaskDTOWithEnum
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $title,
-        public Status $status,
-    ) {}
-}
-
-readonly class TaskDTOWithNullableEnum
-{
-    public function __construct(
-        public string $title,
-        public ?Status $status,
-    ) {}
-}
-
-test('backed enum properly cast from validated data', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(TaskDTOWithEnum::class, [
-        'title' => 'Task 1',
-        'status' => 'active',
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->title)->toBe('Task 1')
-        ->and($object->status)->toBeInstanceOf(Status::class)
-        ->and($object->status)->toBe(Status::ACTIVE);
-});
-
-test('nullable backed enum with null', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(TaskDTOWithNullableEnum::class, [
-        'title' => 'Task 1',
-        'status' => null,
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->title)->toBe('Task 1')
-        ->and($object->status)->toBeNull();
-});
-
-test('nullable backed enum with valid value', function () {
-    $object = ValueFactory::make(TaskDTOWithNullableEnum::class, [
-        'title' => 'Task 1',
-        'status' => 'pending',
-    ]);
-
-    expect($object->title)->toBe('Task 1')
-        ->and($object->status)->toBeInstanceOf(Status::class)
-        ->and($object->status)->toBe(Status::PENDING);
-});
diff --git a/workbench/config/dto.php b/workbench/config/dto.php
index ecf8413..c89046d 100644
--- a/workbench/config/dto.php
+++ b/workbench/config/dto.php
@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 
-use Icefox\Data\CustomHandlers;
-use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
 use Psr\Log\LogLevel;
 
 return [
-    'rules' => [
-        Collection::class => CustomHandlers::class . "::CollectionRules",
-    ],
     'logging' => [
         'channel' => 'dto',
         'context' => [
@@ -17,7 +12,4 @@ return [
             'internals' => LogLevel::DEBUG,
         ],
     ],
-    'listTypes' => [
-        Collection::class,
-    ],
 ];
diff --git a/workbench/phpunit.xml b/workbench/phpunit.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0788ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/workbench/phpunit.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
+         bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
+         colors="true"
+>
+    <testsuites>
+        <testsuite name="root">
+            <directory>tests</directory>
+        </testsuite>
+    </testsuites>
+    <source>
+        <include>
+            <directory>app</directory>
+        </include>
+    </source>
+</phpunit>