chore: bump zig version to 0.16.0

build.zig

@@ -121,18 +121,20 @@ fn buildExamples(
     optimize: std.builtin.OptimizeMode,
     c_lib_: ?*std.Build.Step.Compile,
 ) ![]const *std.Build.Step.Compile {
-    const alloc = b.allocator;
+    const gpa = b.allocator;
-    var steps: std.ArrayList(*std.Build.Step.Compile) = .empty;
+    const io = b.graph.io;
-    defer steps.deinit(alloc);
 
-    var dir = try std.fs.cwd().openDir(try b.build_root.join(
+    var steps: std.ArrayList(*std.Build.Step.Compile) = .empty;
-        b.allocator,
+    defer steps.deinit(gpa);
+
+    var dir = try std.Io.Dir.cwd().openDir(io, try b.build_root.join(
+        gpa,
         &.{"examples"},
     ), .{ .iterate = true });
-    defer dir.close();
+    defer dir.close(io);
 
     var it = dir.iterate();
-    while (try it.next()) |entry| {
+    while (try it.next(io)) |entry| {
         const index = std.mem.lastIndexOfScalar(u8, entry.name, '.') orelse continue;
         if (index == 0) continue;
 
@@ -159,11 +161,11 @@ fn buildExamples(
                 .root_module = b.createModule(.{
                     .target = target,
                     .optimize = optimize,
+                    .link_libc = true,
                 }),
             });
-            exe.linkLibC();
+            exe.root_module.addIncludePath(b.path("include"));
-            exe.addIncludePath(b.path("include"));
+            exe.root_module.addCSourceFile(.{
-            exe.addCSourceFile(.{
                 .file = b.path(b.fmt(
                     "examples/{s}",
                     .{entry.name},
@@ -176,10 +178,10 @@ fn buildExamples(
                     "-D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=199309L",
                 },
             });
-            exe.linkLibrary(c_lib);
+            exe.root_module.linkLibrary(c_lib);
             break :exe exe;
         };
-        try steps.append(alloc, exe);
+        try steps.append(gpa, exe);
     }
-    return steps.toOwnedSlice(alloc);
+    return steps.toOwnedSlice(gpa);
 }

build.zig.zon

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     .name = .ink_zig,
     .version = "0.0.0",
     .fingerprint = 0xf2bf28592b4cdc24,
-    .minimum_zig_version = "0.15.2",
+    .minimum_zig_version = "0.16.0",
     .dependencies = .{},
     .paths = .{
         "build.zig",

src/Ast/Render.zig

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ const Ast = ink.Ast;
 const Render = @This();
 
 gpa: std.mem.Allocator,
-tty_config: std.Io.tty.Config,
 tree: *const Ast,
+terminal: std.Io.Terminal,
 prefix: Prefix,
 lines: LineCache,
 
@@ -147,43 +147,43 @@ const Prefix = struct {
 
 fn writeType(r: *Render, writer: *std.Io.Writer, node: *const Ast.Node) !void {
     const tag = nodeTagToString(node.tag);
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .magenta);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.magenta);
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .bold);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.bold);
     try writer.writeAll(tag);
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 }
 
 fn writeLexeme(r: *Render, writer: *std.Io.Writer, node: *const Ast.Node) !void {
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .yellow);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.yellow);
     try writer.print("`{s}`", .{r.tree.nodeSlice(node)});
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 }
 
 fn writeLineSpan(r: *Render, writer: *std.Io.Writer, node: *const Ast.Node) !void {
     const line_start = r.lines.calculateLine(node.loc.start);
     const line_end = r.lines.calculateLine(node.loc.end);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte('<');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .yellow);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.yellow);
     try writer.print("line:{d}", .{line_start + 1});
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte(',');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
     try writer.writeByte(' ');
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .yellow);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.yellow);
     try writer.print("line:{d}", .{line_end + 1});
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte('>');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 }
 
 fn writeColumnSpan(r: *Render, writer: *std.Io.Writer, node: *const Ast.Node) !void {
@@ -192,27 +192,27 @@ fn writeColumnSpan(r: *Render, writer: *std.Io.Writer, node: *const Ast.Node) !v
     const column_start = (node.loc.start - line_range.start);
     const column_end = (node.loc.end - line_range.start);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte('<');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .yellow);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.yellow);
     try writer.print("col:{d}", .{column_start + 1});
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte(',');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
     try writer.writeByte(' ');
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .yellow);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.yellow);
     try writer.print("col:{d}", .{column_end + 1});
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte('>');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 }
 
 fn writeLineColumnSpan(r: *Render, writer: *std.Io.Writer, node: *const Ast.Node) !void {
@@ -221,26 +221,26 @@ fn writeLineColumnSpan(r: *Render, writer: *std.Io.Writer, node: *const Ast.Node
     const column_start = (node.loc.start - line_range.start);
     const column_end = (node.loc.end - line_range.start);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte('<');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .yellow);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.yellow);
     try writer.print("line:{d}", .{line_start + 1});
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte(',');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
     try writer.writeByte(' ');
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .yellow);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.yellow);
     try writer.print("col:{d}:{d}", .{ column_start + 1, column_end + 1 });
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .white);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.white);
     try writer.writeByte('>');
-    try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+    try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
 }
 
 const NodeOptions = struct {
@@ -255,14 +255,14 @@ fn renderAstNode(
     options: NodeOptions,
 ) !void {
     if (!options.is_root) {
-        try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .blue);
+        try r.terminal.setColor(.blue);
         try r.prefix.writeIndent(writer);
         if (options.is_last) {
             try writer.writeAll("`--");
         } else {
             try writer.writeAll("|--");
         }
-        try r.tty_config.setColor(writer, .reset);
+        try r.terminal.setColor(.reset);
     }
 
     try r.writeType(writer, node);
@@ -473,7 +473,10 @@ pub fn renderTree(
     var r: Render = .{
         .gpa = gpa,
         .tree = ast,
-        .tty_config = if (options.use_color) .escape_codes else .no_color,
+        .terminal = .{
+            .writer = writer,
+            .mode = if (options.use_color) .escape_codes else .no_color,
+        },
         .prefix = .{},
         .lines = try LineCache.build(gpa, ast.source),
     };

src/AstGen.zig

@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ fn stringExpr(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.In
         const result = switch (sub_node.tag) {
             .inline_logic_expr => try inlineLogicExpr(gi, scope, sub_node),
             .string_literal => try stringLiteral(gi, sub_node),
-            inline else => |_| unreachable,
+            inline else => unreachable,
         };
         try gi.astgen.scratch.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(result));
     }
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ fn expr(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, optional_node: ?*const Ast.Node) InnerError!I
         .logical_lesser_or_equal_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, node, .cmp_lte),
         .call_expr => return callExpr(gi, scope, node, .call),
         .selector_expr => return fieldAccess(gi, scope, node),
-        inline else => |_| unreachable,
+        inline else => unreachable,
     }
 }
 

src/Sema.zig

@@ -734,15 +734,15 @@ fn irStore(sema: *Sema, builder: *Builder, inst: Ir.Inst.Index) InnerError!void
     switch (lhs) {
         .none => unreachable,
         .stack => {},
-        .value => |_| return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to constant value", .{}),
+        .value => return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to constant value", .{}),
         .variable => |index| {
             const local_index = try builder.getOrPutConstantIndex(index);
             try builder.addConstOp(.store_global, @intCast(local_index));
         },
         .temp => |temp| try builder.addConstOp(.store, @intCast(temp)),
-        .knot => |_| return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to knot", .{}),
+        .knot => return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to knot", .{}),
-        .stitch => |_| return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to stitch", .{}),
+        .stitch => return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to stitch", .{}),
-        .function => |_| return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to function", .{}),
+        .function => return sema.fail(src, "could not assign to function", .{}),
     }
 
     try builder.addByteOp(.pop);

src/Story/Dumper.zig

@@ -282,15 +282,15 @@ pub fn dumpValue(_: Dumper, w: *std.Io.Writer, value: *const Value) !void {
             "<{s}>",
             .{value.tagBytes()},
         ),
-        .bool => |_| try w.print(
+        .bool => try w.print(
             "<{s} value={f}>",
             .{ value.tagBytes(), value },
         ),
-        .int => |_| try w.print(
+        .int => try w.print(
             "<{s} value={f}, address={*}>",
             .{ value.tagBytes(), value, value },
         ),
-        .float => |_| try w.print(
+        .float => try w.print(
             "<{s} value={f}, address={*}>",
             .{ value.tagBytes(), value, value },
         ),

src/Story/Object.zig

@@ -44,22 +44,31 @@ pub fn eql(lhs: *Object, rhs: *Object) bool {
             const rhs_object: *Object.String = @ptrCast(rhs);
             break :blk std.mem.eql(u8, lhs_object.toSlice(), rhs_object.toSlice());
         },
-        .code => |_| false,
+        .code => false,
-        .knot => |_| false,
+        .knot => false,
-        .string_builder => |_| false,
+        .string_builder => false,
     };
 }
 
 pub fn destroy(obj: *Object, story: *Story) void {
-    inline for (comptime std.meta.fields(Tag)) |field| {
+    switch (obj.tag) {
-        const tag = @field(Tag, field.name);
+        .string => {
-        if (obj.tag == tag) {
+            const typed_obj: *String = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", obj));
-            const typed_obj: *Tag.ObjectType(tag) = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", obj));
             typed_obj.destroy(story);
-            return;
+        },
+        .code => {
+            const typed_obj: *Code = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", obj));
+            typed_obj.destroy(story);
+        },
+        .knot => {
+            const typed_obj: *Knot = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", obj));
+            typed_obj.destroy(story);
+        },
+        .string_builder => {
+            const typed_obj: *StringBuilder = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", obj));
+            typed_obj.destroy(story);
+        },
     }
-    }
-    unreachable;
 }
 
 pub const String = struct {
@@ -96,9 +105,12 @@ pub const String = struct {
     }
 
     pub fn destroy(obj: *String, story: *Story) void {
-        const alloc_len = @sizeOf(Type) + obj.length + 1;
         const base: [*]align(@alignOf(Type)) u8 = @ptrCast(obj);
-        story.gpa.free(base[0..alloc_len]);
+        story.gpa.free(base[0..allocLen(obj)]);
+    }
+
+    fn allocLen(obj: *String) usize {
+        return @sizeOf(Type) + obj.length + 1;
     }
 
     pub fn toSlice(obj: *const Object.String) []const u8 {
@@ -184,7 +196,11 @@ pub const Code = struct {
         gpa.free(obj.bytecode);
 
         const base: [*]align(@alignOf(Type)) u8 = @ptrCast(obj);
-        gpa.free(base[0..@sizeOf(Type)]);
+        gpa.free(base[0..allocLen(obj)]);
+    }
+
+    fn allocLen(_: *Code) usize {
+        return @sizeOf(Type);
     }
 };
 
@@ -225,9 +241,12 @@ pub const Knot = struct {
         const gpa = story.gpa;
         obj.members.deinit(gpa);
 
-        const alloc_len = @sizeOf(Type);
         const base: [*]align(@alignOf(Type)) u8 = @ptrCast(obj);
-        gpa.free(base[0..alloc_len]);
+        gpa.free(base[0..allocLen(obj)]);
+    }
+
+    fn allocLen(_: *Knot) usize {
+        return @sizeOf(Type);
     }
 };
 
@@ -251,9 +270,12 @@ pub const StringBuilder = struct {
 
     pub fn destroy(obj: *StringBuilder, story: *Story) void {
         obj.inner.deinit();
-        const alloc_len = @sizeOf(Type);
         const base: [*]align(@alignOf(Type)) u8 = @ptrCast(obj);
-        story.gpa.free(base[0..alloc_len]);
+        story.gpa.free(base[0..allocLen(obj)]);
+    }
+
+    fn allocLen(_: *StringBuilder) usize {
+        return @sizeOf(Type);
     }
 
     pub fn append(obj: *StringBuilder, value: Story.Value) error{OutOfMemory}!void {

src/Story/runtime_tests.zig

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ const ink = @import("../root.zig");
 const Story = ink.Story;
 const Compilation = ink.Compilation;
 
+var threaded_io: std.Io.Threaded = .init_single_threaded;
+
 test "fixture - variable arithmetic" {
     try testRuntimeFixture("variable-arithmetic");
 }
@@ -343,12 +345,13 @@ fn testRuntimeFixture(comptime fixture: []const u8) !void {
     const input_bytes = @embedFile(test_root ++ fixture ++ "/input.txt");
     var stderr_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
     const gpa = std.testing.allocator;
-    const stderr = std.fs.File.stderr();
+    const stderr = std.Io.File.stderr();
+    const io = threaded_io.io();
 
     var io_r = std.Io.Reader.fixed(input_bytes);
     var io_w = std.Io.Writer.Allocating.init(gpa);
     defer io_w.deinit();
-    var stderr_writer = stderr.writer(&stderr_buffer);
+    var stderr_writer = stderr.writer(io, &stderr_buffer);
 
     try testRunner(gpa, source_bytes, .{
         .input_reader = &io_r,

src/c_api.zig

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ const Ast = ink.Ast;
 const AstGen = ink.AstGen;
 const Ir = ink.Ir;
 
+var threaded_io: std.Io.Threaded = .init_single_threaded;
 var global_allocator: std.heap.DebugAllocator(.{}) = .init;
 var stdout_buffer: [4096]u8 align(std.heap.page_size_min) = undefined;
 
@@ -75,12 +76,13 @@ fn loadStory(gpa: std.mem.Allocator, options: LoadStoryOptions) !*Story {
 pub export fn ink_load_story_options(
     options: *const InkLoadOpts,
 ) callconv(.c) ?*Story {
+    const io = threaded_io.io();
     const gpa = global_allocator.allocator();
     const source_bytes = options.source_bytes[0..options.source_length :0];
     const filename = options.filename[0..options.filename_length :0];
     const stack_size = 128;
-    const stderr = std.fs.File.stderr();
+    const stderr = std.Io.File.stderr();
-    var stderr_writer = stderr.writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    var stderr_writer = stderr.writer(io, &stdout_buffer);
 
     return loadStory(gpa, .{
         .filename = filename,

src/error_tests.zig

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn testEqual(source_bytes: [:0]const u8, expected_error: []const u8) !void {
     var arena_allocator = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(gpa);
     defer arena_allocator.deinit();
 
-    var allocating = std.io.Writer.Allocating.init(gpa);
+    var allocating = std.Io.Writer.Allocating.init(gpa);
     defer allocating.deinit();
 
     const io_w = &allocating.writer;

src/main.zig

@@ -38,24 +38,19 @@ const FileExtension = enum {
     inkc,
 };
 
-pub fn main() !void {
+pub fn main(init: std.process.Init) !void {
-    const gpa = debug_allocator.allocator();
+    const gpa = init.gpa;
-    defer _ = debug_allocator.deinit();
+    const io = init.io;
-
+    const arena = init.arena.allocator();
-    var arena_allocator = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(gpa);
+    const args = try init.minimal.args.toSlice(arena);
-    defer arena_allocator.deinit();
-
-    const arena = arena_allocator.allocator();
-    const args = try std.process.argsAlloc(gpa);
-    defer std.process.argsFree(gpa, args);
-
     if (args.len < 2) {
         fatal("Not enough arguments!", .{});
     }
-    return mainArgs(gpa, arena, args);
+    return mainArgs(io, gpa, arena, args);
 }
 
 fn mainArgs(
+    io: std.Io,
     gpa: std.mem.Allocator,
     arena: std.mem.Allocator,
     args_list: []const [:0]const u8,
@@ -106,20 +101,20 @@ fn mainArgs(
     const filename = source_path orelse "<STDIN>";
     const source_bytes: [:0]const u8 = s: {
         var f = if (source_path) |p| file: {
-            break :file std.fs.cwd().openFile(p, .{}) catch |err| {
+            break :file std.Io.Dir.cwd().openFile(io, p, .{}) catch |err| {
                 fatal("unable to open file '{s}': {s}", .{ p, @errorName(err) });
             };
-        } else std.fs.File.stdin();
+        } else std.Io.File.stdin();
-        defer if (source_path != null) f.close();
+        defer if (source_path != null) f.close(io);
 
-        var file_reader: std.fs.File.Reader = f.reader(&stdin_buffer);
+        var file_reader: std.Io.File.Reader = f.reader(io, &stdin_buffer);
         break :s ink.readSourceFileToEndAlloc(arena, &file_reader) catch |err| {
             fatal("unable to load file '{s}': {s}", .{ filename, @errorName(err) });
         };
     };
 
-    const stderr = std.fs.File.stderr();
+    const stderr = std.Io.File.stderr();
-    var stderr_writer = stderr.writer(&stderr_buffer);
+    var stderr_writer = stderr.writer(io, &stderr_buffer);
     const io_w = &stderr_writer.interface;
     const stack_size = 128;
 
@@ -175,7 +170,7 @@ fn mainArgs(
                 if (dump_trace) {
                     story.dump_writer = io_w;
                 }
-                return if (!compile_only) run(gpa, &story);
+                return if (!compile_only) run(io, gpa, &story);
             }
         },
         .inkc => {
@@ -183,16 +178,16 @@ fn mainArgs(
                 .stack_size = stack_size,
             });
             defer story.deinit();
-            return if (!compile_only) run(gpa, &story);
+            return if (!compile_only) run(io, gpa, &story);
         },
     }
 }
 
-fn run(_: std.mem.Allocator, story: *Story) !void {
+fn run(io: std.Io, _: std.mem.Allocator, story: *Story) !void {
-    const stdin = std.fs.File.stdin();
+    const stdin = std.Io.File.stdin();
-    var stdin_reader = stdin.reader(&stdin_buffer);
+    var stdin_reader = stdin.reader(io, &stdin_buffer);
-    const stdout = std.fs.File.stdin();
+    const stdout = std.Io.File.stdin();
-    var stdout_writer = stdout.writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    var stdout_writer = stdout.writer(io, &stdout_buffer);
     const reader = &stdin_reader.interface;
     const writer = &stdout_writer.interface;
 

src/parser_tests.zig

@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ fn testEqual(source_bytes: [:0]const u8, expected_ast: []const u8) !void {
     defer arena_allocator.deinit();
     const arena = arena_allocator.allocator();
 
-    var allocating = std.io.Writer.Allocating.init(gpa);
+    var allocating = std.Io.Writer.Allocating.init(gpa);
     defer allocating.deinit();
 
     const ast = try Ast.parse(gpa, arena, source_bytes, "<STDIN>", 0);

src/root.zig

@@ -8,13 +8,44 @@ pub const Compilation = @import("compile.zig").Compilation;
 
 pub const max_src_size = std.math.maxInt(u32);
 
-// std.zig.readSourceFileToEndAlloc leaks in 0.15.2.
-// Use an arena allocator for now.
 pub fn readSourceFileToEndAlloc(
     gpa: std.mem.Allocator,
-    file_reader: *std.fs.File.Reader,
+    file_reader: *std.Io.File.Reader,
 ) ![:0]u8 {
-    return std.zig.readSourceFileToEndAlloc(gpa, file_reader);
+    var buffer: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
+    defer buffer.deinit(gpa);
+
+    if (file_reader.getSize()) |size| {
+        const casted_size = std.math.cast(u32, size) orelse return error.StreamTooLong;
+        // +1 to avoid resizing for the null byte added in toOwnedSliceSentinel below.
+        try buffer.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(gpa, casted_size + 1);
+    } else |_| {}
+
+    try file_reader.interface.appendRemaining(gpa, &buffer, .limited(max_src_size));
+
+    // Detect unsupported file types with their Byte Order Mark
+    const unsupported_boms = [_][]const u8{
+        "\xff\xfe\x00\x00", // UTF-32 little endian
+        "\xfe\xff\x00\x00", // UTF-32 big endian
+        "\xfe\xff", // UTF-16 big endian
+    };
+    for (unsupported_boms) |bom| {
+        if (std.mem.startsWith(u8, buffer.items, bom)) {
+            return error.UnsupportedEncoding;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If the file starts with a UTF-16 little endian BOM, translate it to UTF-8
+    if (std.mem.startsWith(u8, buffer.items, "\xff\xfe")) {
+        if (buffer.items.len % 2 != 0) return error.InvalidEncoding;
+        return std.unicode.utf16LeToUtf8AllocZ(gpa, @ptrCast(@alignCast(buffer.items))) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.DanglingSurrogateHalf => error.UnsupportedEncoding,
+            error.ExpectedSecondSurrogateHalf => error.UnsupportedEncoding,
+            error.UnexpectedSecondSurrogateHalf => error.UnsupportedEncoding,
+            else => |e| return e,
+        };
+    }
+    return buffer.toOwnedSliceSentinel(gpa, 0);
 }
 
 test {