ink/src/AstGen.zig

const std = @import("std");
const Ast = @import("Ast.zig");
const Ir = @import("Ir.zig");
const Story = @import("Story.zig");
const StringIndexAdapter = std.hash_map.StringIndexAdapter;
const StringIndexContext = std.hash_map.StringIndexContext;
const assert = std.debug.assert;
const AstGen = @This();

gpa: std.mem.Allocator,
tree: *const Ast,
string_table: std.HashMapUnmanaged(u32, void, StringIndexContext, std.hash_map.default_max_load_percentage) = .empty,
string_bytes: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty,
instructions: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Ir.Inst) = .empty,
globals: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Ir.Global) = .empty,
global_ref_table: std.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(Ir.NullTerminatedString, usize) = .empty,
extra: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u32) = .empty,
errors: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Ast.Error) = .empty,

pub const InnerError = error{
    OutOfMemory,
    SemanticError,
    InvalidCharacter,
    Overflow,
};

pub fn deinit(astgen: *AstGen) void {
    const gpa = astgen.gpa;
    astgen.string_table.deinit(gpa);
    astgen.string_bytes.deinit(gpa);
    astgen.globals.deinit(gpa);
    astgen.global_ref_table.deinit(gpa);
    astgen.instructions.deinit(gpa);
    astgen.extra.deinit(gpa);
    astgen.errors.deinit(gpa);
}

const Scope = struct {
    parent: ?*Scope,
    astgen: *AstGen,
    decls: std.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(Ir.NullTerminatedString, Decl),

    pub const Decl = struct {
        decl_node: *const Ast.Node,
        inst_index: Ir.Inst.Index,
    };

    pub fn deinit(self: *Scope) void {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        self.decls.deinit(gpa);
    }

    pub fn makeChild(parent_scope: *Scope) Scope {
        return .{
            .parent = parent_scope,
            .astgen = parent_scope.astgen,
            .decls = .empty,
        };
    }

    pub fn insert(self: *Scope, ref: Ir.NullTerminatedString, decl: Decl) !void {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        return self.decls.put(gpa, ref, decl);
    }

    pub fn lookup(self: *Scope, ref: Ir.NullTerminatedString) ?Decl {
        var current_scope: ?*Scope = self;
        while (current_scope) |scope| : (current_scope = scope.parent) {
            const result = scope.decls.get(ref);
            if (result) |symbol| return symbol;
        }
        return null;
    }
};

const GenIr = struct {
    astgen: *AstGen,
    instructions: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Ir.Inst.Index),
    instructions_top: usize,

    const unstacked_top = std.math.maxInt(usize);

    fn unstack(self: *GenIr) void {
        if (self.instructions_top != unstacked_top) {
            self.instructions.items.len = self.instructions_top;
            self.instructions_top = unstacked_top;
        }
    }

    fn isEmpty(self: *const GenIr) bool {
        return (self.instructions_top == unstacked_top) or
            (self.instructions.items.len == self.instructions_top);
    }

    fn instructionsSlice(self: *const GenIr) []Ir.Inst.Index {
        return if (self.instructions_top == unstacked_top)
            &[0]Ir.Inst.Index{}
        else
            self.instructions.items[self.instructions_top..];
    }

    fn instructionsSliceUpto(
        self: *const GenIr,
        stacked_block: *const GenIr,
    ) []Ir.Inst.Index {
        return if (self.instructions_top == unstacked_top)
            &[0]Ir.Inst.Index{}
        else if (self.instructions == stacked_block.instructions and
            stacked_block.instructions_top != unstacked_top)
            self.instructions.items[self.instructions_top..stacked_block.instructions_top]
        else
            self.instructions.items[self.instructions_top..];
    }

    fn fail(
        self: *GenIr,
        tag: Ast.Error.Tag,
        node: *const Ast.Node,
    ) error{ SemanticError, OutOfMemory } {
        return self.astgen.fail(tag, node);
    }

    fn makeSubBlock(self: *GenIr) GenIr {
        return .{
            .astgen = self.astgen,
            .instructions = self.instructions,
            .instructions_top = self.instructions.items.len,
        };
    }

    fn add(gi: *GenIr, inst: Ir.Inst) !Ir.Inst.Ref {
        return (try gi.addAsIndex(inst)).toRef();
    }

    fn addAsIndex(gi: *GenIr, inst: Ir.Inst) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const gpa = gi.astgen.gpa;
        try gi.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);
        try gi.astgen.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);

        const new_index: Ir.Inst.Index = @enumFromInt(gi.astgen.instructions.items.len);
        gi.astgen.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(inst);
        gi.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(new_index);
        return new_index;
    }

    fn addInt(gi: *GenIr, value: u64) !Ir.Inst.Ref {
        return add(gi, .{ .tag = .integer, .data = .{
            .integer = .{ .value = value },
        } });
    }

    fn addUnaryNode(gi: *GenIr, tag: Ir.Inst.Tag, arg: Ir.Inst.Ref) !Ir.Inst.Ref {
        return add(gi, .{ .tag = tag, .data = .{
            .un = .{ .lhs = arg },
        } });
    }

    fn addBinaryNode(
        gi: *GenIr,
        tag: Ir.Inst.Tag,
        lhs: Ir.Inst.Ref,
        rhs: Ir.Inst.Ref,
    ) !Ir.Inst.Ref {
        return add(gi, .{ .tag = tag, .data = .{
            .bin = .{ .lhs = lhs, .rhs = rhs },
        } });
    }

    fn addDeclRef(gi: *GenIr, decl_ref: Ir.NullTerminatedString) !Ir.Inst.Ref {
        return add(gi, .{ .tag = .decl_ref, .data = .{
            .string = .{
                .start = decl_ref,
            },
        } });
    }

    fn makePayloadNode(gi: *GenIr, tag: Ir.Inst.Tag) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const gpa = gi.astgen.gpa;
        const inst_index: Ir.Inst.Index = @enumFromInt(gi.astgen.instructions.items.len);
        try gi.astgen.instructions.append(gpa, .{
            .tag = tag,
            .data = .{
                .payload = .{ .payload_index = undefined },
            },
        });
        return inst_index;
    }

    fn makeDeclaration(gi: *GenIr) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        return makePayloadNode(gi, .declaration);
    }

    fn makeBlockInst(gi: *GenIr, tag: Ir.Inst.Tag) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const inst_index: Ir.Inst.Index = @enumFromInt(gi.astgen.instructions.items.len);
        const gpa = gi.astgen.gpa;
        try gi.astgen.instructions.append(gpa, .{
            .tag = tag,
            .data = .{
                .payload = .{ .payload_index = undefined },
            },
        });
        return inst_index;
    }

    fn addKnot(self: *GenIr) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        const body = self.instructionsSlice();
        const extra_len = @typeInfo(Ir.Inst.Knot).@"struct".fields.len + body.len;
        try self.astgen.extra.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, extra_len);

        const knot_node = try makePayloadNode(self, .decl_knot);
        const inst_data = &self.astgen.instructions.items[@intFromEnum(knot_node)].data;
        inst_data.payload.payload_index = self.astgen.addExtraAssumeCapacity(
            Ir.Inst.Knot{ .body_len = @intCast(body.len) },
        );

        self.astgen.appendBlockBody(body);
        return knot_node;
    }

    fn addVar(self: *GenIr) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        const new_index: Ir.Inst.Index = @enumFromInt(self.astgen.instructions.items.len);
        const body = self.instructionsSlice();
        const extra_len = @typeInfo(Ir.Inst.Var).@"struct".fields.len + body.len;
        try self.astgen.extra.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, extra_len);
        try self.astgen.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);
        try self.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);

        self.astgen.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(.{ .tag = .decl_var, .data = .{
            .payload = .{ .payload_index = self.astgen.addExtraAssumeCapacity(
                Ir.Inst.Var{ .body_len = @intCast(body.len) },
            ) },
        } });

        self.astgen.appendBlockBody(body);
        self.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(new_index);
        return new_index;
    }

    fn addCondBr(self: *GenIr, tag: Ir.Inst.Tag) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        try self.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);
        try self.astgen.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);

        const new_index: Ir.Inst.Index = @enumFromInt(self.astgen.instructions.items.len);
        self.astgen.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
            .tag = tag,
            .data = .{ .payload = .{
                .payload_index = undefined,
            } },
        });
        self.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(new_index);
        return new_index;
    }

    fn addBreak(
        self: *GenIr,
        tag: Ir.Inst.Tag,
        block_inst: Ir.Inst.Index,
    ) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        try self.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);

        const new_index = try self.makeBreak(tag, block_inst);
        self.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(new_index);
        return new_index;
    }

    fn makeBreak(
        self: *GenIr,
        tag: Ir.Inst.Tag,
        block_inst: Ir.Inst.Index,
    ) !Ir.Inst.Index {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        const extra_len = @typeInfo(Ir.Inst.Break).@"struct".fields.len;
        try self.astgen.instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);
        try self.astgen.extra.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, extra_len);

        const new_index: Ir.Inst.Index = @enumFromInt(self.astgen.instructions.items.len);
        self.astgen.instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
            .tag = tag,
            .data = .{ .payload = .{
                .payload_index = self.astgen.addExtraAssumeCapacity(
                    Ir.Inst.Break{ .block_inst = block_inst },
                ),
            } },
        });
        return new_index;
    }

    fn setBlockBody(self: *GenIr, inst: Ir.Inst.Index) !void {
        const gpa = self.astgen.gpa;
        const body = self.instructionsSlice();
        const extra_len = @typeInfo(Ir.Inst.Block).@"struct".fields.len + body.len;
        try self.astgen.extra.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, extra_len);

        const inst_data = &self.astgen.instructions.items[@intFromEnum(inst)].data;
        inst_data.payload.payload_index = self.astgen.addExtraAssumeCapacity(
            Ir.Inst.Block{ .body_len = @intCast(body.len) },
        );
        self.astgen.appendBlockBody(body);
        self.unstack();
    }
};

fn setDeclaration(
    decl_index: Ir.Inst.Index,
    args: struct {
        name: Ir.NullTerminatedString,
        tag: Ir.Global.Tag,
        ref: Ir.Inst.Index,
        decl_node: *const Ast.Node,
        body_gi: *GenIr,
        is_constant: bool = true,
    },
) !void {
    const astgen = args.body_gi.astgen;
    const gpa = astgen.gpa;
    const extra_len = @typeInfo(Ir.Inst.Declaration).@"struct".fields.len;
    const global_index = astgen.globals.items.len;

    try astgen.extra.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, extra_len);
    try astgen.globals.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);
    try astgen.global_ref_table.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);

    const inst_data = &astgen.instructions.items[@intFromEnum(decl_index)].data;
    inst_data.payload.payload_index = astgen.addExtraAssumeCapacity(
        Ir.Inst.Declaration{ .name = args.name, .value = args.ref },
    );

    if (astgen.global_ref_table.get(args.name)) |_| {
        return astgen.fail(.redefined_identifier, args.decl_node);
    }

    astgen.globals.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
        .tag = args.tag,
        .name = args.name,
        .is_constant = args.is_constant,
    });
    astgen.global_ref_table.putAssumeCapacity(args.name, global_index);
    args.body_gi.unstack();
}

fn setCondBrPayload(
    condbr: Ir.Inst.Index,
    cond: Ir.Inst.Ref,
    then_block: *GenIr,
    else_block: *GenIr,
) !void {
    defer then_block.unstack();
    defer else_block.unstack();
    const astgen = then_block.astgen;
    const then_body = then_block.instructionsSliceUpto(else_block);
    const else_body = else_block.instructionsSlice();
    const then_body_len = then_body.len;
    const else_body_len = else_body.len;
    const extra_len =
        @typeInfo(Ir.Inst.CondBr).@"struct".fields.len + then_body_len + else_body_len;
    try astgen.extra.ensureUnusedCapacity(astgen.gpa, extra_len);

    const inst_data = &astgen.instructions.items[@intFromEnum(condbr)].data;
    inst_data.payload.payload_index = astgen.addExtraAssumeCapacity(
        Ir.Inst.CondBr{
            .condition = cond,
            .then_body_len = @intCast(then_body_len),
            .else_body_len = @intCast(else_body_len),
        },
    );

    astgen.appendBlockBody(then_body);
    astgen.appendBlockBody(else_body);
}

fn addExtraAssumeCapacity(astgen: *AstGen, extra: anytype) u32 {
    const fields = std.meta.fields(@TypeOf(extra));
    const extra_index: u32 = @intCast(astgen.extra.items.len);
    astgen.extra.items.len += fields.len;
    setExtra(astgen, extra_index, extra);
    return extra_index;
}

fn setExtra(astgen: *AstGen, index: usize, extra: anytype) void {
    const fields = std.meta.fields(@TypeOf(extra));
    var i = index;
    inline for (fields) |field| {
        astgen.extra.items[i] = switch (field.type) {
            u32 => @field(extra, field.name),
            Ir.Inst.Index => @intFromEnum(@field(extra, field.name)),
            Ir.Inst.Ref => @intFromEnum(@field(extra, field.name)),
            Ir.NullTerminatedString => @intFromEnum(@field(extra, field.name)),
            else => @compileError("bad field type"),
        };
        i += 1;
    }
}

fn fail(
    self: *AstGen,
    tag: Ast.Error.Tag,
    source_node: *const Ast.Node,
) error{ SemanticError, OutOfMemory } {
    const gpa = self.gpa;
    const err: Ast.Error = .{
        .tag = tag,
        .loc = .{
            .start = source_node.loc.start,
            .end = source_node.loc.end,
        },
    };

    try self.errors.append(gpa, err);
    return error.SemanticError;
}

fn appendBlockBody(self: *AstGen, body: []const Ir.Inst.Index) void {
    for (body) |inst_index| {
        self.extra.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(inst_index));
    }
}

fn sliceFromNode(astgen: *const AstGen, node: *const Ast.Node) []const u8 {
    assert(node.loc.start <= node.loc.end);
    const source_bytes = astgen.tree.source;
    return source_bytes[node.loc.start..node.loc.end];
}

fn stringFromBytes(astgen: *AstGen, bytes: []const u8) error{OutOfMemory}!Ir.NullTerminatedString {
    const gpa = astgen.gpa;
    const str_index: u32 = @intCast(astgen.string_bytes.items.len);
    const string_bytes = &astgen.string_bytes;
    try string_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, bytes);

    const key: []const u8 = string_bytes.items[str_index..];
    const gop = try astgen.string_table.getOrPutContextAdapted(gpa, key, StringIndexAdapter{
        .bytes = string_bytes,
    }, StringIndexContext{
        .bytes = string_bytes,
    });
    if (gop.found_existing) {
        string_bytes.shrinkRetainingCapacity(str_index);
        return @enumFromInt(gop.key_ptr.*);
    } else {
        gop.key_ptr.* = str_index;
        try string_bytes.append(gpa, 0);
        return @enumFromInt(str_index);
    }
}

fn stringFromNode(astgen: *AstGen, node: *const Ast.Node) !Ir.NullTerminatedString {
    const name_bytes = sliceFromNode(astgen, node);
    assert(name_bytes.len > 0);
    return astgen.stringFromBytes(name_bytes);
}

fn unaryOp(
    gi: *GenIr,
    scope: *Scope,
    expr_node: *const Ast.Node,
    op: Ir.Inst.Tag,
) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const data = expr_node.data.bin;
    const lhs = try expr(gi, scope, data.lhs.?);
    return gi.addUnaryNode(op, lhs);
}

fn binaryOp(
    gi: *GenIr,
    scope: *Scope,
    expr_node: *const Ast.Node,
    op: Ir.Inst.Tag,
) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const data = expr_node.data.bin;
    assert(data.lhs != null and data.rhs != null);
    const lhs = try expr(gi, scope, data.lhs.?);
    const rhs = try expr(gi, scope, data.rhs.?);
    return gi.addBinaryNode(op, lhs, rhs);
}

fn logicalOp(
    gen: *GenIr,
    scope: *Scope,
    node: *const Ast.Node,
    op: Story.Opcode,
) InnerError!void {
    const data = node.data.bin;
    assert(data.lhs != null and data.rhs != null);
    try expr(gen, scope, data.lhs);

    const else_label = try gen.makeLabel();
    const fixup_offset = try gen.emitJumpInst(op);
    _ = try gen.makeFixup(.{
        .mode = .relative,
        .label_index = else_label,
        .code_offset = fixup_offset,
    });

    try gen.emitSimpleInst(.pop);
    const rhs_label = try gen.makeLabel();
    gen.setLabel(rhs_label);

    try expr(gen, scope, data.rhs);
    gen.setLabel(else_label);
}

fn numberLiteral(gen: *GenIr, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const lexeme = sliceFromNode(gen.astgen, node);
    const int_value = try std.fmt.parseUnsigned(u64, lexeme, 10);
    return gen.addInt(int_value);
}

fn stringLiteral(gi: *GenIr, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const str = try gi.astgen.stringFromNode(node);
    return gi.add(.{
        .tag = .string,
        .data = .{ .string = .{
            .start = str,
        } },
    });
}

fn stringExpr(gen: *GenIr, expr_node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const first_node = expr_node.data.bin.lhs.?;
    return stringLiteral(gen, first_node);
}

fn identifier(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const astgen = gi.astgen;
    const str = try astgen.stringFromNode(node);
    if (scope.lookup(str)) |decl| {
        return gi.addUnaryNode(.load, decl.inst_index.toRef());
    }
    return gi.addDeclRef(str);
}

fn expr(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, optional_expr: ?*const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const expr_node = optional_expr.?;
    switch (expr_node.tag) {
        .file => unreachable,
        .true_literal => return .bool_true,
        .false_literal => return .bool_false,
        .number_literal => return numberLiteral(gi, expr_node),
        .string_literal => return stringLiteral(gi, expr_node),
        .string_expr => return stringExpr(gi, expr_node),
        .empty_string => return stringLiteral(gi, expr_node),
        .identifier => return identifier(gi, scope, expr_node),
        .add_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .add),
        .subtract_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .sub),
        .multiply_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .mul),
        .divide_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .div),
        .mod_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .mod),
        .negate_expr => return unaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .neg),
        .logical_and_expr => unreachable,
        .logical_or_expr => unreachable,
        .logical_not_expr => return unaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .not),
        .logical_equality_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .cmp_eq),
        .logical_inequality_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .cmp_neq),
        .logical_greater_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .cmp_gt),
        .logical_greater_or_equal_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .cmp_gte),
        .logical_lesser_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .cmp_lt),
        .logical_lesser_or_equal_expr => return binaryOp(gi, scope, expr_node, .cmp_lte),
        .call_expr => unreachable,
        .choice_expr => unreachable,
        .choice_start_expr => unreachable,
        .choice_option_expr => unreachable,
        .choice_inner_expr => unreachable,
        .divert_expr => unreachable,
        .selector_expr => unreachable,
        .assign_stmt => unreachable,
        .block_stmt => unreachable,
        .content_stmt => unreachable,
        .divert_stmt => unreachable,
        .return_stmt => unreachable,
        .expr_stmt => unreachable,
        .choice_stmt => unreachable,
        .choice_star_stmt => unreachable,
        .choice_plus_stmt => unreachable,
        .gather_point_stmt => unreachable,
        .gathered_stmt => unreachable,
        .function_prototype => unreachable,
        .stitch_prototype => unreachable,
        .knot_prototype => unreachable,
        .function_decl => unreachable,
        .stitch_decl => unreachable,
        .knot_decl => unreachable,
        .const_decl => unreachable,
        .var_decl => unreachable,
        .list_decl => unreachable,
        .temp_decl => unreachable,
        .parameter_decl => unreachable,
        .ref_parameter_decl => unreachable,
        .argument_list => unreachable,
        .parameter_list => unreachable,
        .switch_stmt => unreachable, // Handled in switchStmt
        .switch_case => unreachable, // Handled in switchStmt
        .if_stmt => unreachable, // Handled in ifStmt
        .multi_if_stmt => unreachable, // Handled in multiIfStmt
        .if_branch => unreachable, // Handled in ifStmt and multiIfStmt
        .else_branch => unreachable, // Handled in switchStmt, multiIfStmt, and ifStmt
        .content => unreachable,
        .inline_logic_expr => unreachable,
        .invalid => unreachable,
    }
}

fn exprStmt(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    // TODO: Maybe we should introduce a unary node type to avoid optional checks?
    const expr_node = node.data.bin.lhs.?;
    return expr(gi, scope, expr_node);
}

fn inlineLogicExpr(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    // TODO: Maybe we should introduce a unary node type to avoid optional checks?
    const main_node = node.data.bin.lhs.?;
    return expr(gi, scope, main_node);
}

fn validateSwitchProngs(gen: *GenIr, stmt_node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {
    var stmt_has_block: bool = false;
    var stmt_has_else: bool = false;
    const case_list = stmt_node.data.switch_stmt.cases;
    const last_prong = case_list[case_list.len - 1];
    for (case_list) |case_stmt| {
        switch (case_stmt.tag) {
            .block_stmt => stmt_has_block = true,
            .switch_case, .if_branch => {
                if (stmt_has_block) {
                    //return gen.fail(.expected_else, case_stmt);
                }
            },
            .else_branch => {
                if (case_stmt != last_prong) {
                    return gen.fail(.invalid_else_stmt, case_stmt);
                }
                if (stmt_has_else) {
                    return gen.fail(.unexpected_else_stmt, case_stmt);
                }
                stmt_has_else = true;
            },
            else => unreachable,
        }
    }
}

fn ifStmt(
    parent_block: *GenIr,
    scope: *Scope,
    stmt_node: *const Ast.Node,
) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const astgen = parent_block.astgen;
    const cond_expr = stmt_node.data.switch_stmt.condition_expr.?;
    try validateSwitchProngs(parent_block, stmt_node);

    const case_list = stmt_node.data.switch_stmt.cases;
    const then_node = case_list[0];
    const last_prong = case_list[case_list.len - 1];

    var block_scope = parent_block.makeSubBlock();
    defer block_scope.unstack();

    const cond_inst = try expr(&block_scope, scope, cond_expr);
    const condbr = try block_scope.addCondBr(.condbr);
    const block = try parent_block.makeBlockInst(.block);
    try block_scope.setBlockBody(block); // unstacks block
    try parent_block.instructions.append(astgen.gpa, block);

    var then_block = parent_block.makeSubBlock();
    defer then_block.unstack();

    try blockStmt(&then_block, scope, then_node);
    _ = try then_block.addBreak(.@"break", block);

    var else_block = parent_block.makeSubBlock();
    defer else_block.unstack();

    if (then_node == last_prong) {
        _ = try else_block.addBreak(.@"break", block);
    } else {
        const block_node = last_prong.data.bin.rhs.?;
        try blockStmt(&else_block, scope, block_node);
    }

    try setCondBrPayload(condbr, cond_inst, &then_block, &else_block);
    return condbr.toRef();
}

fn ifChain(
    parent_block: *GenIr,
    scope: *Scope,
    branch_list: []const *Ast.Node,
) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const gpa = parent_block.astgen.gpa;
    if (branch_list.len == 0) return @enumFromInt(0);
    if (branch_list[0].data.bin.lhs == null) {
        const body_node = branch_list[0].data.bin.rhs.?;
        try blockStmt(parent_block, scope, body_node);
        return @enumFromInt(0);
    }

    var block_scope = parent_block.makeSubBlock();
    defer block_scope.unstack();

    const branch = branch_list[0];
    const cond_expr = branch.data.bin.lhs.?;
    const body_node = branch.data.bin.rhs.?;
    const cond_inst = try expr(&block_scope, scope, cond_expr);
    const condbr = try block_scope.addCondBr(.condbr);
    const block_inst = try parent_block.makeBlockInst(.block);
    try block_scope.setBlockBody(block_inst);
    try parent_block.instructions.append(gpa, block_inst);

    var then_block = parent_block.makeSubBlock();
    defer then_block.unstack();
    try blockStmt(&then_block, scope, body_node);
    _ = try then_block.addBreak(.@"break", block_inst);

    var else_block = parent_block.makeSubBlock();
    defer else_block.unstack();
    const next_branches = branch_list[1..];
    _ = try ifChain(parent_block, scope, next_branches);
    _ = try else_block.addBreak(.@"break", block_inst);
    try setCondBrPayload(condbr, cond_inst, &then_block, &else_block);
    return @enumFromInt(0);
}

fn multiIfStmt(
    parent_block: *GenIr,
    scope: *Scope,
    stmt_node: *const Ast.Node,
) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    try validateSwitchProngs(parent_block, stmt_node);

    const branch_list = stmt_node.data.switch_stmt.cases;
    if (branch_list[0].data.bin.lhs == null) {
        const branch = branch_list[0];
        const body_node = branch.data.bin.rhs.?;
        try blockStmt(parent_block, scope, body_node);
        return @enumFromInt(0);
    }
    _ = try ifChain(parent_block, scope, branch_list);
    return @enumFromInt(0);
}

fn contentExpr(block: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, expr_node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    // FIXME: This is a placeholder until we figure out what this function should be returning.
    var last_inst: Ir.Inst.Ref = undefined;
    // TODO: Make sure that this is not nullable.
    const node_list = expr_node.data.list.items.?;
    for (node_list) |child_node| {
        last_inst = switch (child_node.tag) {
            .string_literal => try stringLiteral(block, child_node),
            .inline_logic_expr => try inlineLogicExpr(block, scope, child_node),
            .if_stmt => try ifStmt(block, scope, child_node),
            .multi_if_stmt => try multiIfStmt(block, scope, child_node),
            //.switch_stmt => try switchStmt(block, scope, child_node),
            else => unreachable,
        };
        last_inst = try block.addUnaryNode(.content_push, last_inst);
    }
    return last_inst;
}

fn contentStmt(gen: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!Ir.Inst.Ref {
    const expr_node = node.data.bin.lhs.?;
    const expr_ref = try contentExpr(gen, scope, expr_node);
    return gen.addUnaryNode(.content_flush, expr_ref);
}

fn assignStmt(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {
    const astgen = gi.astgen;
    const identifier_node = node.data.bin.lhs.?;
    const expr_node = node.data.bin.rhs.?;
    const name_ref = try astgen.stringFromNode(identifier_node);

    // TODO: Support globals as well
    if (scope.lookup(name_ref)) |decl| {
        const expr_result = try expr(gi, scope, expr_node);
        _ = try gi.addBinaryNode(.store, decl.inst_index.toRef(), expr_result);
        return;
    }
    return gi.fail(.unknown_identifier, identifier_node);
}

fn choiceStmt(gen: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, stmt_node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {
    const Choice = struct {
        label_index: usize,
        start_expression: ?*const Ast.Node,
        option_expression: ?*const Ast.Node,
        inner_expression: ?*const Ast.Node,
        block_stmt: ?*const Ast.Node,
    };

    const branch_list = stmt_node.data.list.items orelse unreachable;
    assert(branch_list.len != 0);

    const gpa = gen.astgen.gpa;
    var choice_list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Choice) = .empty;
    defer choice_list.deinit(gpa);
    try choice_list.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, branch_list.len);

    for (branch_list) |branch_stmt| {
        assert(branch_stmt.tag == .choice_star_stmt or branch_stmt.tag == .choice_plus_stmt);
        const branch_data = branch_stmt.data.bin;
        const branch_expr = branch_data.lhs orelse unreachable;
        const branch_expr_data = branch_expr.data.choice_expr;
        const label_index = try gen.makeLabel();

        if (branch_expr_data.start_expr) |node| {
            try stringLiteral(gen, node);
            try gen.emitSimpleInst(.stream_push);
        }
        if (branch_expr_data.option_expr) |node| {
            try stringLiteral(gen, node);
            try gen.emitSimpleInst(.stream_push);
        }

        const fixup_offset = try gen.emitJumpInst(.br_push);
        _ = try gen.makeFixup(.{
            .mode = .absolute,
            .label_index = label_index,
            .code_offset = fixup_offset,
        });

        choice_list.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
            .label_index = label_index,
            .start_expression = branch_expr_data.start_expr,
            .inner_expression = branch_expr_data.inner_expr,
            .option_expression = branch_expr_data.option_expr,
            .block_stmt = branch_data.rhs,
        });
    }

    try gen.emitSimpleInst(.br_table);
    try gen.emitSimpleInst(.br_select_index);
    try gen.emitSimpleInst(.br_dispatch);

    for (choice_list.items) |choice| {
        gen.setLabel(choice.label_index);

        if (choice.start_expression) |expr_node| {
            try stringLiteral(gen, expr_node);
            try gen.emitSimpleInst(.stream_push);
        }
        if (choice.inner_expression) |expr_node| {
            try stringLiteral(gen, expr_node);
            try gen.emitSimpleInst(.stream_push);
        }

        try gen.emitSimpleInst(.stream_flush);
        if (choice.block_stmt) |block| {
            try blockStmt(gen, scope, block);
        } else {
            try gen.emitSimpleInst(.exit);
        }
    }
}

fn tempDecl(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, decl_node: *const Ast.Node) !void {
    const identifier_node = decl_node.data.bin.lhs.?;
    const expr_node = decl_node.data.bin.rhs.?;
    const name_ref = try gi.astgen.stringFromNode(identifier_node);

    if (scope.lookup(name_ref)) |_| {
        return gi.fail(.redefined_identifier, decl_node);
    }

    const alloc_inst = try gi.add(.{ .tag = .alloc, .data = undefined });
    const expr_result = try expr(gi, scope, expr_node);
    _ = try gi.addBinaryNode(.store, alloc_inst, expr_result);

    return scope.insert(name_ref, .{
        .decl_node = decl_node,
        .inst_index = alloc_inst.toIndex().?,
    });
}

fn varDecl(gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, decl_node: *const Ast.Node) !void {
    const astgen = gi.astgen;
    const gpa = astgen.gpa;
    const identifier_node = decl_node.data.bin.lhs.?;
    const expr_node = decl_node.data.bin.rhs.?;
    const decl_inst = try gi.makeDeclaration();
    try gi.instructions.append(gpa, decl_inst);

    var decl_block = gi.makeSubBlock();
    defer decl_block.unstack();

    _ = try expr(&decl_block, scope, expr_node);
    const var_inst = try decl_block.addVar();
    try setDeclaration(decl_inst, .{
        .tag = .variable,
        .name = try astgen.stringFromNode(identifier_node),
        .ref = var_inst,
        .decl_node = decl_node,
        .body_gi = &decl_block,
        .is_constant = decl_node.tag == .const_decl,
    });
}

fn blockInner(gi: *GenIr, parent_scope: *Scope, stmt_list: []*Ast.Node) !void {
    var child_scope = parent_scope.makeChild();
    defer child_scope.deinit();

    for (stmt_list) |inner_node| {
        _ = switch (inner_node.tag) {
            .var_decl => try varDecl(gi, &child_scope, inner_node),
            .const_decl => try varDecl(gi, &child_scope, inner_node),
            .temp_decl => try tempDecl(gi, &child_scope, inner_node),
            .assign_stmt => try assignStmt(gi, &child_scope, inner_node),
            .content_stmt => try contentStmt(gi, &child_scope, inner_node),
            //.choice_stmt => try choiceStmt(gen, scope, inner_node),
            .expr_stmt => try exprStmt(gi, &child_scope, inner_node),
            else => unreachable,
        };
    }
}

fn blockStmt(block: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, stmt_node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {
    // TODO: Make sure that this value is concrete to omit check.
    const block_stmts = stmt_node.data.list.items.?;
    try blockInner(block, scope, block_stmts);
}

const main_knot_name: [:0]const u8 = "$__main__$";

fn defaultBlock(
    gi: *GenIr,
    scope: *Scope,
    body_node: *const Ast.Node,
) InnerError!void {
    const astgen = gi.astgen;
    const gpa = astgen.gpa;
    const decl_inst = try gi.makeDeclaration();
    try gi.instructions.append(gpa, decl_inst);

    var decl_scope = gi.makeSubBlock();
    defer decl_scope.unstack();

    // TODO: Make sure that this value is concrete to omit check.
    const block_stmts = body_node.data.list.items orelse unreachable;
    try blockInner(&decl_scope, scope, block_stmts);

    const knot_inst = try decl_scope.addKnot();
    try setDeclaration(decl_inst, .{
        .tag = .knot,
        .decl_node = body_node,
        .name = try astgen.stringFromBytes("$__main__$"),
        .ref = knot_inst,
        .body_gi = &decl_scope,
    });
}

fn stitchDecl(_: *GenIr, _: *Scope, _: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {}

fn functionDecl(_: *GenIr, _: *Scope, _: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {}

fn knotDecl(gen: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, decl_node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {
    const prototype_node = decl_node.data.knot_decl.prototype;
    const nested_decls_list = decl_node.data.knot_decl.children orelse return;
    const identifier_node = prototype_node.data.bin.lhs orelse unreachable;
    const ident_ref = try gen.astgen.stringFromNode(identifier_node);
    const knot_symbol = scope.lookup(ident_ref) orelse unreachable;
    const knot_scope = knot_symbol.knot.decl_scope;

    var block_gen = gen.makeSubBlock();
    defer block_gen.deinit();

    var start_index: usize = 0;
    const first_child = nested_decls_list[0];
    if (first_child.tag == .block_stmt) {
        try blockStmt(&block_gen, knot_scope, first_child);
        if (nested_decls_list.len > 1) start_index += 1 else return;
    }
    for (nested_decls_list[start_index..]) |nested_decl_node| {
        switch (decl_node.tag) {
            .stitch_decl => try stitchDecl(gen, knot_scope, nested_decl_node),
            .function_decl => try functionDecl(gen, knot_scope, nested_decl_node),
            else => unreachable,
        }
    }
}

fn file(root_gi: *GenIr, scope: *Scope, file_node: *const Ast.Node) InnerError!void {
    const astgen = root_gi.astgen;
    const gpa = astgen.gpa;
    const file_inst = try root_gi.makePayloadNode(.file);
    try root_gi.instructions.append(gpa, file_inst);

    var start_index: usize = 0;
    var file_scope = root_gi.makeSubBlock();
    defer file_scope.unstack();
    // TODO: Make sure this is non-nullable.
    const nested_decls_list = file_node.data.list.items orelse return;
    if (nested_decls_list.len == 0) return;

    const first_child = nested_decls_list[0];
    if (first_child.tag == .block_stmt) {
        try defaultBlock(&file_scope, scope, first_child);
        if (nested_decls_list.len > 1)
            start_index += 1
        else
            return file_scope.setBlockBody(file_inst);
    }
    for (nested_decls_list[start_index..]) |child_node| {
        switch (child_node.tag) {
            //.knot_decl => try knotDecl(gi, scope, child_node),
            //.stitch_decl => try stitchDecl(gi, scope, child_node),
            //.function_decl => try functionDecl(gi, scope, child_node),
            else => unreachable,
        }
    }
    return file_scope.setBlockBody(file_inst);
}

/// Perform code generation via tree-walk.
pub fn generate(gpa: std.mem.Allocator, tree: *const Ast) !Ir {
    var astgen: AstGen = .{
        .gpa = gpa,
        .tree = tree,
    };
    defer astgen.deinit();

    // First entry is reserved for Ir.NullTerminatedString.empty.
    try astgen.string_bytes.append(gpa, 0);

    var instructions: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Ir.Inst.Index) = .empty;
    defer instructions.deinit(gpa);

    var file_scope: Scope = .{
        .parent = null,
        .decls = .empty,
        .astgen = &astgen,
    };
    var gen: GenIr = .{
        .astgen = &astgen,
        .instructions = &instructions,
        .instructions_top = 0,
    };
    defer gen.unstack();

    // TODO: Make sure this is never null.
    const root_node = tree.root.?;
    file(&gen, &file_scope, root_node) catch |err| switch (err) {
        error.SemanticError => {},
        else => |e| return e,
    };

    return .{
        .string_bytes = try astgen.string_bytes.toOwnedSlice(gpa),
        .instructions = try astgen.instructions.toOwnedSlice(gpa),
        .globals = try astgen.globals.toOwnedSlice(gpa),
        .extra = try astgen.extra.toOwnedSlice(gpa),
        .errors = try astgen.errors.toOwnedSlice(gpa),
    };
}